Butagentleandpeacefulanimalwhichlivesamongotheranimalsofthesamedispositionandofgentlenurture，willbeanenemyofbloodandcarnage；itwillblushinternallyathavingshedblood。Thereisperhapsthisdifference，thatsinceamonganimalseverythingissacrificedtotheirneeds，totheirpleasures，tothenecessitiesoflife，whichtheyenjoymorethanwe，theirremorseapparentlyshouldnotbeaskeenasours，becausewearenotinthesamestateofnecessityasthey。Customperhapsdullsandperhapsstiflesremorseaswellaspleasures。
ButIwillforamomentsupposethatIamutterlymistakeninconcludingthatalmostalltheworldholdsawrongopiniononthissubject，whileIaloneamright。Iwillgrantthatanimals，eventhebestofthem，donotknowthedifferencebetweenmoralgoodandevil，thattheyhavenorecollectionofthetroubletakenforthem，ofthekindnessdonethem，norealizationoftheirownvirtues。[Iwillsuppose]，forinstance，thatthislion，towhichI，likesomanyothers，havereferred，doesnotrememberatallthatitrefusedtokilltheman，abandonedtoitsfury，inacombatmoreinhumanthanonecouldfindamonglions，tigersandbears，puttogether。Forourcompatriotsfight，SwissagainstSwiss，brotheragainstbrother，recognizeeachother，andyetcaptureandkilleachotherwithoutremorse，becauseaprincepaysforthemurder。
Isupposeinshotthatthenaturallawhasnotbeengiventoanimals。Whatwillbetheconsequencesofthissupposition？Manisnotmouldedfromacostlierclay；naturehasusedbutonedough，andhasmerelyvariedtheleaven。ThereforeifanimalsdonotrepentforhavingviolatedthisinmostfeelingwhichI
amdiscussing，orratheriftheyabsolutelylackit，manmustnecessarilybeinthesamecondition。Farewellthentothenaturallawandallthefinetreatisespublishedaboutit！Thewholeanimalkingdomingeneralwouldbedeprivedofit。But，conversely，ifmancannotdispensewiththebeliefthatwhenhealthpermitshimtobehimself，healwaysdistinguishestheupright，humane，andvirtuous，fromthosewhoarenothuman，virtuous，norhonorable：
thatitiseasytotellvicefromvirtue，bytheuniquepleasureandthepeculiarrepugnancethatseemstobetheirnaturaleffects，itfollowsthatanimals，composedofthesamematter，lackingperhapsonlyonedegreeoffermentationtomakeitexactlylikeman’s，mustsharethesameprerogativesofanimalnature，andthatthusthereexistsnosoulorsensitivesubstancewithoutremorse。Thefollowingconsiderationswillreinforcetheseobservations。