LEVIATHAN

第46章

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第46章

LEVIATHAN Thomas Hobbes

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LEVIATHAN
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  Torulebywordsrequiresthatsuchwordsbemanifestlymadeknown;forelsetheyarenolaws:fortothenatureoflawsbelongethasufficientandclearpromulgation,suchasmaytakeawaytheexcuseofignorance;whichinthelawsofmenisbutofoneonlykind,andthatis,proclamationorpromulgationbythevoiceofman。

  ButGoddeclarethhislawsthreeways;bythedictatesofnaturalreason,byrevelation,andbythevoiceofsomemantowhom,bytheoperationofmiracles,heprocurethcreditwiththerest。FromhencetherearisethatriplewordofGod,rational,sensible,andprophetic;

  towhichcorrespondethatriplehearing:rightreason,sensesupernatural,andfaith。Asforsensesupernatural,whichconsistethinrevelationorinspiration,therehavenotbeenanyuniversallawssogiven,becauseGodspeakethnotinthatmannerbuttoparticularpersons,andtodiversemendiversethings。

  FromthedifferencebetweentheothertwokindsofGod’sword,rationalandprophetic,theremaybeattributedtoGodatwofoldkingdom,naturalandprophetic:natural,whereinHegovernethasmanyofmankindasacknowledgeHisprovidence,bythenaturaldictatesofrightreason;andprophetic,whereinhavingchosenoutonepeculiarnation,theJews,forHissubjects,Hegovernedthem,andnonebutthem,notonlybynaturalreason,butbypositivelaws,whichHegavethembythemouthsofHisholyprophets。OfthenaturalkingdomofGodIintendtospeakinthischapter。

  TherightofnaturewherebyGodreignethovermen,andpunisheththosethatbreakhislaws,istobederived,notfromHiscreatingthem,asifHerequiredobedienceasofgratitudeforHisbenefits,butfromHisirresistiblepower。Ihaveformerlyshownhowthesovereignrightarisethfrompact:toshowhowthesamerightmayarisefromnaturerequiresnomorebuttoshowinwhatcaseitisnevertakenaway。Seeingallmenbynaturehadrighttoallthings,theyhadrighteveryonetoreignoveralltherest。Butbecausethisrightcouldnotbeobtainedbyforce,itconcernedthesafetyofeveryone,layingbythatright,tosetupmen,withsovereignauthority,bycommonconsent,toruleanddefendthem:whereasiftherehadbeenanymanofpowerirresistible,therehadbeennoreasonwhyheshouldnotbythatpowerhaveruledanddefendedbothhimselfandthem,accordingtohisowndiscretion。Tothosethereforewhosepowerisirresistible,thedominionofallmenadherethnaturallybytheirexcellenceofpower;andconsequentlyitisfromthatpowerthatthekingdomovermen,andtherightofafflictingmenathispleasure,belongethnaturallytoGodAlmighty;notasCreatorandgracious,butasomnipotent。Andthoughpunishmentbedueforsinonly,becausebythatwordisunderstoodafflictionforsin;yettherightofafflictingisnotalwaysderivedfrommen’ssin,butfromGod’spower。

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