LEVIATHAN

第38章

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第38章

LEVIATHAN Thomas Hobbes

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LEVIATHAN
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  Andthatsuchashavemultitudeofpotentkindred,andpopularmenthathavegainedreputationamongstthemultitude,takecouragetoviolatethelawsfromahopeofoppressingthepowertowhomitbelongedtoputtheminexecution。

  Andthatsuchashaveagreatandfalseopinionoftheirownwisdomtakeuponthemtoreprehendtheactionsandcallinquestiontheauthorityofthemthatgovern,andsotounsettlethelawswiththeirpublicdiscourse,asthatnothingshallbeacrimebutwhattheirowndesignsrequireshouldbeso。Ithappenethalsotothesamementobepronetoallsuchcrimesasconsistincraft,andindeceivingoftheirneighbours;becausetheythinktheirdesignsaretoosubtletobeperceived。TheseIsayareeffectsofafalsepresumptionoftheirownwisdom。ForofthemthatarethefirstmoversinthedisturbanceofCommonwealthwhichcanneverhappenwithoutacivilwar,veryfewareleftalivelongenoughtoseetheirnewdesignsestablished:sothatthebenefitoftheircrimesredoundethtoposterityandsuchaswouldleasthavewishedit:whicharguestheywerenotsowiseastheythoughttheywere。Andthosethatdeceiveuponhopeofnotbeingobserveddocommonlydeceivethemselves,thedarknessinwhichtheybelievetheyliehiddenbeingnothingelsebuttheirownblindness,andarenowiserthanchildrenthatthinkallhidbyhidingtheirowneyes。

  Andgenerallyallvaingloriousmen,unlesstheybewithaltimorous,aresubjecttoanger;asbeingmorepronethanotherstointerpretforcontempttheordinarylibertyofconversation:andtherearefewcrimesthatmaynotbeproducedbyanger。

  Asforthepassions,ofhate,lust,ambition,andcovetousness,whatcrimestheyareapttoproduceissoobvioustoeveryman’sexperienceandunderstandingasthereneedethnothingtobesaidofthem,savingthattheyareinfirmities,soannexedtothenature,bothofmanandallotherlivingcreatures,asthattheireffectscannotbehinderedbutbyextraordinaryuseofreason,oraconstantseverityinpunishingthem。Forinthosethingsmenhate,theyfindacontinualandunavoidablemolestation;wherebyeitheraman’spatiencemustbeeverlasting,orhemustbeeasedbyremovingthepowerofthatwhichmolestethhim:theformerisdifficult;thelatterismanytimesimpossiblewithoutsomeviolationofthelaw。Ambitionandcovetousnessarepassionsalsothatareperpetuallyincumbentandpressing;whereasreasonisnotperpetuallypresenttoresistthem:

  andthereforewhensoeverthehopeofimpunityappears,theireffectsproceed。Andforlust,whatitwantsinthelasting,ithathinthevehemence,whichsufficethtoweighdowntheapprehensionofalleasyoruncertainpunishments。

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