LEVIATHAN

第28章

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第28章

LEVIATHAN Thomas Hobbes

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LEVIATHAN
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  Ifamanbeinterrogatedbythesovereign,orhisauthority,concerningacrimedonebyhimself,heisnotboundwithoutassuranceofpardontoconfessit;becausenoman,asIhaveshowninthesamechapter,canbeobligedbycovenanttoaccusehimself。

  Again,theconsentofasubjecttosovereignpoweriscontainedinthesewords,“Iauthorise,ortakeuponme,allhisactions“;inwhichthereisnorestrictionatallofhisownformernaturalliberty:

  forbyallowinghimtokillme,Iamnotboundtokillmyselfwhenhecommandsme。Itisonethingtosay,“Killme,ormyfellow,ifyouplease“;anotherthingtosay,“Iwillkillmyself,ormyfellow。“

  Itfolloweth,therefore,thatNomanisboundbythewordsthemselves,eithertokillhimselforanyotherman;andconsequently,thattheobligationamanmaysometimeshave,uponthecommandofthesovereign,toexecuteanydangerousordishonourableoffice,dependethnotonthewordsofoursubmission,butontheintention;whichistobeunderstoodbytheendthereof。Whenthereforeourrefusaltoobeyfrustratestheendforwhichthesovereigntywasordained,thenthereisnolibertytorefuse;otherwise,thereis。

  Uponthisgroundamanthatiscommandedasasoldiertofightagainsttheenemy,thoughhissovereignhaverightenoughtopunishhisrefusalwithdeath,mayneverthelessinmanycasesrefuse,withoutinjustice;aswhenhesubstitutethasufficientsoldierinhisplace:forinthiscasehedesertethnottheserviceoftheCommonwealth。Andthereisallowancetobemadefornaturaltimorousness,notonlytowomenofwhomnosuchdangerousdutyisexpected,butalsotomenoffemininecourage。Whenarmiesfight,thereisononeside,orboth,arunningaway;yetwhentheydoitnotoutoftreachery,butfear,theyarenotesteemedtodoitunjustly,butdishonourably。Forthesamereason,toavoidbattleisnotinjustice,butcowardice。Buthethatenrollethhimselfasoldier,ortakethimpressedmoney,takethawaytheexcuseofatimorousnature,andisobliged,notonlytogotothebattle,butalsonottorunfromitwithouthiscaptain’sleave。AndwhenthedefenceoftheCommonwealthrequirethatoncethehelpofallthatareabletobeararms,everyoneisobliged;becauseotherwisetheinstitutionoftheCommonwealth,whichtheyhavenotthepurposeorcouragetopreserve,wasinvain。

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