LEVIATHAN

第26章

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第26章

LEVIATHAN Thomas Hobbes

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LEVIATHAN
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  havealreadysufficientlyspokenintheprecedentchapter。

  Dominionacquiredbyconquest,orvictoryinwar,isthatwhichsomewriterscalldespoticalfromDespotes,whichsignifiethalordormaster,andisthedominionofthemasteroverhisservant。Andthisdominionisthenacquiredtothevictorwhenthevanquished,toavoidthepresentstrokeofdeath,covenanteth,eitherinexpresswordsorbyothersufficientsignsofthewill,thatsolongashislifeandthelibertyofhisbodyisallowedhim,thevictorshallhavetheusethereofathispleasure。Andaftersuchcovenantmade,thevanquishedisaservant,andnotbefore:forbythewordservantwhetheritbederivedfromservire,toserve,orfromservare,tosave,whichIleavetogrammarianstodisputeisnotmeantacaptive,whichiskeptinprison,orbonds,tilltheownerofhimthattookhim,orboughthimofonethatdid,shallconsiderwhattodowithhim:forsuchmen,commonlycalledslaves,havenoobligationatall;butmaybreaktheirbonds,ortheprison;andkill,orcarryawaycaptivetheirmaster,justly:butonethat,beingtaken,hathcorporallibertyallowedhim;anduponpromisenottorunaway,nortodoviolencetohismaster,istrustedbyhim。

  Itisnotthereforethevictorythatgiveththerightofdominionoverthevanquished,buthisowncovenant。Norisheobligedbecauseheisconquered;thatistosay,beaten,andtaken,orputtoflight;butbecausehecomethinandsubmittethtothevictor;noristhevictorobligedbyanenemy’srenderinghimself,withoutpromiseoflife,tosparehimforthishisyieldingtodiscretion;whichobligesnotthevictorlongerthaninhisowndiscretionheshallthinkfit。

  Andthatwhichmendowhentheydemand,asitisnowcalled,quarterwhichtheGreekscalledZogria,takingaliveistoevadethepresentfuryofthevictorbysubmission,andtocompoundfortheirlifewithransomorservice:andthereforehethathathquarterhathnothislifegiven,butdeferredtillfurtherdeliberation;foritisnotayieldingonconditionoflife,buttodiscretion。Andthenonlyishislifeinsecurity,andhisservicedue,whenthevictorhathtrustedhimwithhiscorporalliberty。Forslavesthatworkinprisons,orfetters,doitnotofduty,buttoavoidthecrueltyoftheirtask-masters。

  Themasteroftheservantismasteralsoofallhehath,andmayexacttheusethereof;thatistosay,ofhisgoods,ofhislabour,ofhisservants,andofhischildren,asoftenasheshallthinkfit。Forheholdethhislifeofhismasterbythecovenantofobedience;thatis,ofowningandauthorisingwhatsoeverthemastershalldo。Andincasethemaster,ifherefuse,killhim,orcasthimintobonds,orotherwisepunishhimforhisdisobedience,heishimselftheauthorofthesame,andcannotaccusehimofinjury。

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