LAWS

第58章

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第58章

LAWS Plato

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  Ifanyoneknowinglyreceivesanythingwhichhasbeenstolen,heshallundergothesamepunishmentasthethief,andifamanreceivesanexileheshallbepunishedwithdeath。Everymanshouldregardthefriendandenemyofthestateashisownfriendandenemy;andifanyonemakespeaceorwarwithanotheronhisownaccount,andwithouttheauthorityofthestate,he,likethereceiveroftheexile,shallundergothepenaltyofdeath。AndifanyfractionoftheCitydeclarewarorpeaceagainstany,thegeneralsshallindicttheauthorsofthisproceeding,andiftheyareconvicteddeathshallbethepenalty。Thosewhoservetheircountryoughttoservewithoutreceivinggifts,andthereoughttobenoexcusingorapprovingthesaying,“Menshouldreceivegiftsastherewardofgood,butnotofevildeeds“;fortoknowwhichwearedoing,andtostandfastbyourknowledge,isnoeasymatter。Thesafestcourseistoobeythelawwhichsays,“Donoserviceforabribe,“andlethimwhodisobeys,ifhebeconvicted,simplydie。Withaviewtotaxation,forvariousreasons,everymanoughttohavehadhispropertyvalued:

  andthetribesmenshouldlikewisebringaregisteroftheyearlyproducetothewardensofthecountry,thatinthiswaytheremaybetwovaluations;andthepublicofficersmayuseannuarywhicheveronconsiderationtheydeemthebest,whethertheyprefertotakeacertainportionofthewholevalue,oroftheannualrevenue,aftersubtractingwhatispaidtothecommontables。

  TouchingofferingstotheGods,amoderatemanshouldobservemoderationinwhatheoffers。NowthelandandthehearthofthehouseofallmenissacredtoallGods;whereforeletnomandedicatethemasecondtimetotheGods。Goldandsilver,whetherpossessedbyprivatepersonsorintemples,areinothercitiesprovocativeofenvy,andivory,theproductofadeadbody,isnotaproperoffering;brassandiron,again,areinstrumentsofwar;butofwoodletamanbringwhatofferingshelikes,provideditbeasingleblock,andinlikemannerofstone,tothepublictemples;ofwovenworklethimnotoffermorethanonewomancanexecuteinamonth。WhiteisacoloursuitabletotheGods,especiallyinwovenworks,butdyesshouldonlybeusedfortheadornmentsofwar。Themostdivineofgiftsarebirdsandimages,andtheyshouldbesuchasonepaintercanexecuteinasingleday。Andletallotherofferingsfollowasimilarrule。

  Nowthatthewholecityhasbeendividedintopartsofwhichthenatureandnumberhavebeendescribed,andlawshavebeengivenaboutallthemostimportantcontractsasfarasthiswaspossible,thenextthingwillbetohavejusticedone。Thefirstofthecourtsshallconsistofelectedjudges,whoshallbechosenbytheplaintiffandthedefendantincommon:theseshallbecalledarbitersratherthanjudges。Andinthesecondcourtthereshallbejudgesofthevillagesandtribescorrespondingtothetwelvefolddivisionoftheland,andbeforethesethelitigantsshallgotocontendforgreaterdamages,ifthesuitbenotdecidedbeforethefirstjudges;thedefendant,ifhebedefeatedthesecondtime,shallpayafifthmorethanthedamagesmentionedintheindictment;

  andifhefindfaultwithhisjudgesandwouldtryathirdtime,lethimcarrythesuitbeforetheselectjudges,andifhebeagaindefeated,lethimpaythewholeofthedamagesandhalfasmuchagain。

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