Camps，Fortifications，VitrifiedForts；Santorin；TheTownsupontheHillofHissarlik。
Combativeness，tousethelanguageofphrenology，isoneofthemostlivelyinstinctsofhumanity。TheBibletellsusofthestrugglebetweenthesonsofAdam，andshowsusmightmakingrighteversincethedaysofprimevalman。Historyisbutonelongaccountofwarsandconquests，victoriesordefeats，andprogressischieflymarkedininventionswhichmadebattlesmoresanguinaryandaddedtothenumberofvictimsslaughtered。Attheverydawnofhumanitymanlearnedtomakeweapons；verysoon，however，weaponsceasedtoappearsufficient。Thefirstfortificationwasdoubtlessthecave，whichitsownerstrengthenedbyclosingtheentrancewithblocksofstoneandpilesofbrokenrock，orbydiggingdeeptrenchesaboutit。
Populationrapidlyincreasedandwarwasdeclaredbetweentribeandtribe，nationandnation，raceandrace。Terriblemusthavebeenthestrugglesbetweeninvadersandtheoriginalpossessorsofthesoil。Meansofdefenceweremultipliedtokeeppacewithnewmodesofattack，andourancestorsoftheStoneagewereintelligentenoughtomakeplacesofrefugeinwhichonnecessitytheycouldsheltertheirwivesandchildren，andlater，whentheybecamesedentary，theirflocksandtheirstoresofgrain。Inmanydifferentlocalitieswefindtheremainsofcampsandfortifications，which，toavoidusingamoreambitiousterm，wemaycharacterizegenerallyasenclosures。[209]
Theseprimitiveenclosures，saysBertrandinhis“ArcheologieCeltiqucetGauloise，“mayhavebeenverymuchmorenumerousthanissupposed，ifweincludeamongstthem，asitappearsweought，manyruinslongthoughttodatefromtheRomanera。
Thereisnodoubtastothepurposeservedbythecamps，butwearenotpreparedtospeakaspositivelyasdoesBertrandastotheirorigin，andthedifficultyofdecidingisverygreatlyincreasedonaccountofthesecampshavingbeensuccessivelyoccupiedatdifferentepochsbydifferentpeoples。Bearinginmindthisreservation，wewillnowsumuptothebestofourabilityallthatissofarknownaboutthemostimportantremainshithertoexamined。