Itmayevenbethattheenterpriseowesitshonorificvirtue，asameansofenhancingthedonor’sgoodrepute，totheimputedpresenceofthisnon-invidiousmotive；butthatdoesnothindertheinvidiousinterestfromguidingtheexpenditure。Theeffectualpresenceofmotivesofanemulativeorinvidiousorigininnon-emulativeworksofthiskindmightbeshownatlengthandwithdetail，inanyoneoftheclassesofenterprisespokenofabove。Wherethesehonorificdetailsoccur，insuchcases，theycommonlymasqueradeunderdesignationsthatbelonginthefieldoftheaesthetic，ethicaloreconomicinterest。Thesespecialmotives，derivedfromthestandardsandcanonsofthepecuniaryculture，actsurreptitiouslytodiverteffortofanon-invidiouskindfromeffectiveservice，withoutdisturbingtheagent’ssenseofgoodintentionorobtrudinguponhisconsciousnessthesubstantialfutilityofhiswork。Theireffectmightbetracedthroughtheentirerangeofthatscheduleofnon-invidious，meliorativeenterprisethatissoconsiderableafeature，andespeciallysoconspicuousafeature，intheovertschemeoflifeofthewell-to-do。Butthetheoreticalbearingisperhapsclearenoughandmayrequirenofurtherillustration；especiallyassomedetailedattentionwillbegiventooneoftheselinesofenterprise——theestablishmentsforthehigherlearning——inanotherconnection。
Underthecircumstancesoftheshelteredsituationinwhichtheleisureclassisplacedthereseems，therefore，tobesomethingofareversiontotherangeofnon-invidiousimpulsesthatcharacterizestheante-predatorysavageculture。Thereversioncomprisesboththesenseofworkmanshipandtheproclivitytoindolenceandgood-fellowship。Butinthemodernschemeoflifecanonsofconductbasedonpecuniaryorinvidiousmeritstandinthewayofafreeexerciseoftheseimpulses；andthedominantpresenceofthesecanonsofconductgoesfartodivertsucheffortsasaremadeonthebasisofthenon-invidiousinteresttotheserviceofthatinvidiousinterestonwhichthepecuniaryculturerests。Thecanonsofpecuniarydecencyarereducibleforthepresentpurposetotheprinciplesofwaste，futility，andferocity。Therequirementsofdecencyareimperiouslypresentinmeliorativeenterpriseasinotherlinesofconduct，andexerciseaselectivesurveillanceoverthedetailsofconductandmanagementinanyenterprise。Byguidingandadaptingthemethodindetail，thesecanonsofdecencygofartomakeallnon-invidiousaspirationoreffortnugatory。Thepervasive，impersonal，un-eagerprincipleoffutilityisathandfromdaytodayandworksobstructivelytohindertheeffectualexpressionofsomuchofthesurvivingante-predatoryaptitudesasistobeclassedundertheinstinctofworkmanship；butitspresencedoesnotprecludethetransmissionofthoseaptitudesorthecontinuedrecurrenceofanimpulsetofindexpressionforthem。
Inthelaterandfartherdevelopmentofthepecuniaryculture，therequirementofwithdrawalfromtheindustrialprocessinordertoavoidsocialodiumiscarriedsofarastocompriseabstentionfromtheemulativeemployments。Atthisadvancedstagethepecuniaryculturenegativelyfavorstheassertionofthenon-invidiouspropensitiesbyrelaxingthestresslaidonthemeritofemulative，predatory，orpecuniaryoccupations，ascomparedwiththoseofanindustrialorproductivekind。Aswasnoticedabove，therequirementofsuchwithdrawalfromallemploymentthatisofhumanuseappliesmorerigorouslytotheupper-classwomenthantoanyotherclass，unlessthepriesthoodofcertaincultsmightbecitedasanexception，perhapsmoreapparentthanreal，tothisrule。Thereasonforthemoreextremeinsistenceonafutilelifeforthisclassofwomenthanforthemenofthesamepecuniaryandsocialgradeliesintheirbeingnotonlyanupper-gradeleisureclassbutalsoatthesametimeavicariousleisureclass。Thereisintheircaseadoublegroundforaconsistentwithdrawalfromusefuleffort。
Ithasbeenwellandrepeatedlysaidbypopularwritersandspeakerswhoreflectthecommonsenseofintelligentpeopleonquestionsofsocialstructureandfunctionthatthepositionofwomaninanycommunityisthemoststrikingindexofthelevelofcultureattainedbythecommunity，anditmightbeadded，byanygivenclassinthecommunity。Thisremarkisperhapstruerasregardsthestageofeconomicdevelopmentthanasregardsdevelopmentinanyotherrespect。Atthesametimethepositionassignedtothewomanintheacceptedschemeoflife，inanycommunityorunderanyculture，isinaverygreatdegreeanexpressionoftraditionswhichhavebeenshapedbythecircumstancesofanearlierphaseofdevelopment，andwhichhavebeenbutpartiallyadaptedtotheexistingeconomiccircumstances，ortotheexistingexigenciesoftemperamentandhabitsofmindbywhichthewomenlivingunderthismoderneconomicsituationareactuated。
Thefacthasalreadybeenremarkeduponincidentallyinthecourseofthediscussionofthegrowthofeconomicinstitutionsgenerally，andinparticularinspeakingofvicariousleisureandofdress，thatthepositionofwomeninthemoderneconomicschemeismorewidelyandmoreconsistentlyatvariancewiththepromptingsoftheinstinctofworkmanshipthanisthepositionofthemenofthesameclasses。Itisalsoapparentlytruethatthewoman’stemperamentincludesalargershareofthisinstinctthatapprovespeaceanddisapprovesfutility。Itisthereforenotafortuitouscircumstancethatthewomenofmodernindustrialcommunitiesshowaliveliersenseofthediscrepancybetweentheacceptedschemeoflifeandtheexigenciesoftheeconomicsituation。