Now，first，aconstantpartofthenotion，whichappearsinitevenwhentheJustisnotdistinguishedfromtheLegal，isimpartialityorthenegationofarbitraryinequality。Thisimpartiality，aswesawwhetherexhibitedintheestablishmentorintheadministrationoflaws，ismerelyaspecialapplicationofthewidermaximthatitcannotberighttotreattwopersonsdifferentlyiftheircasesaresimilarinallmaterialcircumstances。AndUtilitarianism，aswesaw，admitsthismaximnolessthanothersystemsofEthics。Atthesametime，thisnegativecriterionisclearlyinadequateforthecompletedeterminationofwhatisjustinlaws，orinconductgenerally；whenwehaveadmittedthis，itstillremainstoask，``Whataretheinequalitiesinlaws，andinthedistributionofpleasuresandpainsoutsidethesphereoflaw，whicharenotarbitraryandunreasonable？andtowhatgeneralprinciplescantheybereduced？’’
Hereinthefirstplacewemayexplain，onutilitarianprinciples，whyapparentlyarbitraryinequalityinacertainpartoftheconductofindividualsisnotregardedasinjusticeoreven——insomecases——asinanywaycensurable。Forfreedomofactionisanimportantsourceofhappinesstotheagents，andasociallyusefulstimulustotheirenergies:henceitisobviouslyexpedientthataman’sfreechoiceinthedistributionofwealthorkindservicesshouldnotberestrainedbythefearoflegalpenalties，orevenofsocialdisapprobation，beyondwhattheinterestsofothersclearlyrequire；andtherefore，whendistinctlyrecognisedclaimsaresatisfied，itisprotantoexpedientthatthemerepreferencesofanindividualshouldbetreatedbyothersaslegitimategroundsforinequalityinthedistributionofhispropertyorservices。Nay，aswehavebeforeseen，itiswithincertainlimitsexpedientthateachindividualshouldpracticallyregardhisownunreasonedimpulsesasreasonablegroundsofaction:asintherenderingofservicespromptedbysuchaffectionsasarenormallyandproperlyspontaneousandunforced。
Passingtoconsiderthegeneralprinciplesuponwhich`justclaims’ascommonlyrecognisedappeartobebased，wenoticethatthegroundsofanumberofsuchclaimsmaybebroughtunderthegeneralheadof`normalexpectations’；
butthatthestringencyofsuchobligationsvariesmuchindegree，accordingastheexpectationsarebasedupondefiniteengagements，oronsomevaguemutualunderstanding，oraremerelysuchasanaveragemanwouldformfrompastexperienceoftheconductofothermen。IntheselattercasesCommonSenseappearedtobesomewhatperplexedastothevalidityoftheclaims。
ButfortheUtilitarianthedifficultyhasceasedtoexist。Hewillholdanydisappointmentofexpectationstobeprotantoanevil，butagreaterevilinproportiontotheprevioussecurityoftheexpectantindividual，fromthegreatershockthusgiventohisrelianceontheconductofhisfellow-mengenerally:andmanytimesgreaterinproportionastheexpectationisgenerallyrecognisedasnormalandreasonable，asinthiscasetheshockextendstoallwhoareinanywaycognisantofhisdisappointment。