BesidestheVirtueofPurity，whichwefounditconvenienttodiscussinthelastchapter，thereremainoneortwoprominentexcellencesofcharacterwhichdonotseemtobecommonlyadmiredandinculcatedwithanydistinctreferenceeithertoprivateortogeneralhappiness；
andwhich，thoughinmostcasesobviouslyconducivetooneorotheroftheseends，sometimesseemtoinfluenceconductinadirectionatvariancewiththem。
Forexample，Courageisaqualitywhichexcitesgeneraladmiration，whetheritisshowninself-defence，orinaidingothers，orevenwhenwedonotseeanybenefitresultingfromtheparticularexhibitionofit。Again，inChristiansocieties，Humilityifbelievedsincereoftenobtainsunqualifiedpraise，inspiteofthelossthatmayevidentlyresultfromaman’sunderratinghisownabilities。Itwillbewell，therefore，toexaminehowfarineithercasewecanelicitaclearandindependentmaximdefiningtheconductcommendedundereachofthesenotions。
TobeginwithCourage。Wegenerallydenotebythistermadispositiontofacedangerofanykindwithoutshrinking。Wesometimesalsocallthosewhobearpainunflinchinglycourageous:butthisqualityofcharacterwemorecommonlydistinguishasFortitude。Nowitseemsplainthatifweseekforadefinitionofstrictduty，ascommonlyrecognised，undertheheadeitherofCourageorofFortitude，wecanfindnonethatdoesnotinvolveareferencetoothermaximsandends。Fornoonewouldsaythatitisourdutytofacedangerortobearavoidablepaingenerally，butonlyifitmeetsusinthecourseofduty。Andeventhisneedsfurtherqualification:forasregardssuchdutiesasthosee。g。ofgeneralBenevolence，itwouldbecommonlyallowedthattheagent’spainanddangeraretobetakenintoaccountinpracticallydeterminingtheirextent:——itwouldbeheldthatwearenotboundtoendureanypainexceptforthepreventionofmanifestlygreaterpaintoanother，ortheattainmentofamoreimportantamountofpositivegood:nortorunanyrisk，unlessthechanceofadditionalbenefittobegainedforanotheroutweighsthecostandchanceoflosstoourselvesifwefail。IndeeditisdoubtfulwhetherthecommonestimateofthedutyofBenevolencecouldbesaidtoamountquitetothis。[2]
When，however，weconsiderCourageasanExcellenceratherthanaduty，itseemstoholdamoreindependentpositioninourmoralestimation。Andthisviewcorrespondsmorecompletelythantheothertothecommonapplicationofthenotion；astherearemanyactsofcourage，whicharenotaltogetherwithinthecontroloftheWill，andthereforecannotberegardedasstrictduties。For1dangerisfrequentlysuddenandneedstobemetwithoutdeliberation，sothatourmannerofmeetingitcanonlybesemi-voluntary。And2thoughnaturallytimidpersonscanperhapswitheffortcontrolfearastheycanangerorappetite，iftimebeallowedfordeliberation，andcanpreventitfromtakingeffectinderelictionofduty:stillthisresultisnotallthatisrequiredfortheperformanceofsuchcourageousactsasneedmorethanordinaryenergy——fortheenergyofthetimidvirtuousmanisliabletobeexhaustedintheefforttocontrolhisfear:e。g。inbattlehecanperhapsstandstilltobekilledaswellasthecourageousmanbutnotchargewiththesameimpetuosityorstrikewiththesamevigourandprecision。[3]