Methods of Ethics

第31章

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第31章

Methods of Ethics Henry Sidgwick

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Methods of Ethics
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  If,however,theindividualisnotlikelytoobtainamaximumofPleasurebyaimingmerelyatPreservation,itremainstoconsiderwhether``quantityoflife’’willserveanybetter。Nowitisofcoursetruethatsofarasnervousactionisattendedbyconsciousnesspleasurableinquality,themorethereisofit,thehappierweshallbe。

  Butevenifweassumethatthemoreintenseandfulllifeis``ontheaverage’’

  thehappier,itbynomeansfollowsthatweshallgainmaximumpleasurebyaimingmerelyatintensityofconsciousness:forweexperienceintensepainsevenmoreindubitablythanintensepleasures,andinthose``fulltidesofsoul’’,inwhichweseemtobemostalive,painfulconsciousnessmaybemixedinalmostanyproportion。Andfurtherweoftenexperienceexcitementnearlyorquiteneutralinqualityi。e。notdistinctlypleasurableorpainful,whichreachesagreatpitchofintensity,asinthecaseoflaboriousstruggleswithdifficulties,andperplexingconflictsofwhichtheissueisdoubtful。

  Itmay,however,berepliedthat``quantityoflife’’mustbetakentoimplynotmerelyintensityofconsciousness,butmultiplicityandvariety——aharmoniousandmany-sideddevelopmentofhumannature。Andexperiencecertainlyseemstosupporttheviewthatmenlosehappinessbyallowingsomeoftheirfacultiesorcapacitiestobewitheredanddwarfedforwantofexercise,andthusnotleavingthemselvessufficientvarietyoffeelingsoractivities:especiallyasregardsthebodilyorgans,itwillbeagreedthatthedueexerciseofmost,ifnotall,isindispensabletothehealthoftheorganism;andfurther,thatthehealthmaintainedbythisbalanceoffunctionsisamoreimportantsourceoftheindividual’shappinessthantheunhealthyover-exerciseofanyoneorgancanbe。Still,itwouldappearthattheharmonyoffunctionsnecessarytohealthisaveryelasticone,andadmitsofaverywidemarginofvariation,asfarastheorgansundervoluntarycontrolareconcerned。Amane。g。

  whoexerciseshisbrainalonewillprobablybeillinconsequence:buthemayexercisehisbrainmuchandhislegslittle,orviceversa,withoutanymorbidresults。And,inthesameway,wecannotlaydowntheproposition,thatavariedandmany-sidedlifeisthehappiest,withasmuchprecisionaswouldbenecessaryifitweretobeacceptedasabasisfordeductiveHedonism。Foritseemstobealsolargelytrue,ontheotherside,thatthemorewecometoexerciseanyfacultywithsustainedandprolongedconcentration,themorepleasurewederivefromsuchexercise,uptothepointatwhichitbecomeswearisome,orturnsintoasemi-mechanicalroutinewhichrendersconsciousnessdullandlanguid。Itis,nodoubt,importantforourhappinessthatweshouldkeepwithinthislimit:butwecannotfixitpreciselyinanyparticularcasewithoutspecialexperience:

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