第34章

　　&sect；1169。Thepower，todeclarewarmaybeexercisedbycongress，notonlybyauthorizinggeneralhostilities，inwhichcasethegenerallawsofwarapplytooursituation；orbypartialhostilities，inwhichcasethelawsofwar，sofarastheyactuallyapplytooursituation，aretobeobserved。12TheformercoursewasresortedtoinourwarwithGreatBritainin1812，inwhichcongressenacted，\"thatwarbe，andherebyisdeclaredtoexist，betweentheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIrelandandthedependenciesthereof，andtheUnitedStatesofAmericaandtheirterritories。\"13Thelattercoursewaspursuedinthequalifiedwarof1798withFrance，whichwas—regulatedbydiversactsofcongress，andofcoursewasconfinedtothelimitsprescribedbythoseacts。14

　　&sect；1170。Thepowertodeclarewarwouldofitselfcarrytheincidentalpowertograntlettersofmarqueandreprisal，andmakerulesconcerningcaptures。Itismostprobable，thatanextremesolicitudetofollowoutthepowersenumeratedintheconfederationoccasionedtheintroductionoftheseclausesintotheConstitution。Intheformerinstrument，whereallpowers，notexpresslydelegated，wereprohibited，thisenumerationwaspeculiarlyappropriate。Butinthelatter，whereincidentalpowerswereexpresslycontemplated，andprovidedfor，thesamenecessitydidnotexist。Ashasbeenalreadyremarkedinanotherplace，andwillabundantlyappearfromtheremainingauxiliaryclausestothepowertodeclarewar，theconstitutionaboundswithpleonasmsandrepetitions，sometimesintroducedfromcaution，sometimesfrominattention，andsometimesfromtheimperfectionsoflanguage。15

　　&sect；1171。Buttheexpresspower\"tograntlettersofmarqueandreprisal\"maynothavebeenthoughtwhollyunnecessary，becauseitisoftenameasureofpeace，topreventthenecessityofaresorttowar。Thus，individualsofanationsometimessufferfromthedepredationsofforeignpotentates；andyetitmaynotbedeemedeitherexpedientornecessarytoredresssuchgrievancesbyageneraldeclarationofwar。Undersuchcircumstancesthelawofnationsauthorizesthesovereignoftheinjuredindividualtogranthimthismodeofredress，wheneverjusticeisdeniedtohimbythestate，towhichtheparty，whohasdonetheinjury，belongs。

　　Inthiscasethelettersofmarqueandreprisalwordsusedassynonymous，thelatterreprisalsignifying，atakinginreturn，theformerlettersofmarquethepassingthefrontiersinordertosuchtaking，containanauthoritytoseizethebodiesorgoodsofthesubjectsoftheoffendingstate，wherevertheymaybefound，untilsatisfactionismadefortheinjury。16Thispowerofreprisalseemsindeedtobeadictatealmostofnatureitself，andisnearlyrelatedto，andplainlyderivedfromthatofmakingwar。Itisonlyanincompletestateofhostilities，andoftenultimatelyleadstoaformaldenunciationofwar，iftheinjuryisunredressed，orextensiveinitsoperations。17

　　&sect；1172。Thepowertodeclarewarisexclusiveincongress；andaswillbehereafterseen，thestatesareprohibitedfromengaginginit，unlessincasesofactualinvasionorimminentdangerthereof。Itincludestheexerciseofalltheordinaryrightsofbelligerents；