The Origins of Contemporary France

第4章

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第4章

The Origins of Contemporary France Hippolyte Aldophe Taine

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The Origins of Contemporary France
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  。Eachawaitsyourspecialinstructionstocontributetothepublicgood,torespecttherightsofothers,andevensometimestoexercisehisown。\"Consequently,addsNecker,\"thegovernmentofFranceiscarriedoninthebureaux……Theclerks,relishingtheirinfluence,neverfailtopersuadetheministerthathecannotseparatehimselffromcommandinasingledetail。\"Bureaucraticatthecenter,arbitrariness,exceptionsandfavorseverywhere,suchisasummaryofthesystem。\"Sub—delegates,officersofelections,receiversandcomptrollersofthevingtièmes,commissairesandcollectorsofthetailles,officersofthesalt—tax,process—servers,voituriers—buralistes,overseersofthecorvées,clerksoftheexcise,oftheregistry,andofduesreserved,allthesemenbelongingtothetax—

  service。Eachofthesewill,aidedbyhisfiscalknowledgeandpettyauthority,sooverwhelmtheignorantandinexperiencedtaxpayerthathedoesnotrecognizethatheisbeingcheated。\"[35]Arudespeciesofcentralizationwithnocontroloverit,withnopublicity,withoutuniformity,thusinstallsoverthewholecountryanarmyofpettypashaswho,asjudges,decidecausesinwhichtheyarethemselvescontestants,rulingbydelegation,and,tosanctiontheirtheftortheirinsolence,alwayshavingontheirlipsthenameoftheking,whoisobligedtoletthemdoastheyplease。—Inshort,themachine,throughitscomplexity,irregularity,anddimensions,escapesfromhisgrasp。AFrederickII。whorisesatfouro’clockinthemorning,aNapoleonwhodictateshalfthenightinhisbath,andwhoworkseighteenhoursaday,wouldscarcelysufficeforitsneeds。Sucharégimecannotoperatewithoutconstantstrain,withoutindefatigableenergy,withoutinfalliblediscernment,withoutmilitaryrigidity,withoutsuperiorgenius;ontheseconditionsalonecanoneconverttwenty—fivemillionsofmenintoautomatonsandsubstitutehisownwill,lucidthroughout,coherentthroughoutandeverywherepresent,forthewillsofthoseheabolishes。LouisXVlets\"thegoodmachine\"

  workbyitself,whilehesettlesdownintoapathy。\"Theywouldhaveitso,theythoughtitallforthebest,\"[36]ishismannerofspeakingwhenministerialmeasuresproveunsuccessful。\"IfIwerealieutenantofthepolice,\"hewouldsayagain,\"Iwouldprohibitcabs。\"Invainisheawareofthemachinebeingdislocated,forhecandonothingandhecausesnothingtobedone。Intheeventofmisfortunehehasaprivatereserve,hispurseapart。\"Theking,\"saidMme。dePompadour,\"wouldsignawayamillionwithoutthinkingofit,buthewouldscarcelybestowahundredlouisoutofhisownlittletreasury。\"—

  LouisXVIstrivesforsometimetoremovesomeofthewheels,tointroducebetteronesandtoreducethefrictionoftherest;butthepiecesaretoorusty,andtooweighty。Hecannotadjustthem,orharmonizethemandkeepthemintheirplaces;hishandfallsbyhissideweariedandpowerless。Heiscontenttopracticeeconomyhimself;

  herecordsinhisjournalthemendingofhiswatch,andleavestheStatecarriageinthehandsofCalonnetobeloadedwithfreshabusesthatitmayrevertbacktotheoldrutfromwhichitistoissueonlybybreakingdown。

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