Landforpasturealsooccursinprivatehandsandinseveralty，butsuchcasesaremuchrarer。3*Sometimesthepasturegetsseparatedandputunder’defence’foronepartoftheyear，andmergesintocommunalownershipafterwards。4*Butinthevastmajorityofcasesthepastureisusedincommon，andnoneofthetenantshasarighttofenceitinortoappropriateitforhisownexclusivebenefit。Itoughttobenoted，thattherighttosendone’scattletothepastureonthewaste，themoors，orinthewoodsofamanorappearsregularlyandintimatelyconnectedwiththerighttodepastureone’scattleontheopenfieldsofthevillage。5*Bothformonlydifferentmodesofusingcommunalsoil。Asinthecaseofarableandmeadowtheundividedusecannotbemaintainedandgetsreplacedbyasystemofequalisedsharesorholdings，sointhecaseofpasturethefacultyofsendingoutanynumberofbeastsretiresbeforetheequalisationofsharesaccordingtocertainmodesof’stinting’thecommon。Wefindasanimportantmanorialarrangementthecustomto’apportion’therightsofcommontothetenements，thatistodecideinthemanorialCourt，mostlyaccordingtoverdictsofjuries，howmanyheadofcattle，andofwhatparticularkind，maybesenttothediverspasture-groundsofthevillagebytheseveralholdings。Fromtimetotimetheseregulationsarerevised。OneoftheGlastonburySurveyscontains，forinstance，thefollowingdescriptionfromthe45thyearofHenryIII。Eachhidemaysendtothecommoneighteenoxen，sixteencows，onebull，theoffspringofthecowsoftwoyears，twohundredsheepwithfourrams，aswellastheiroffspringofoneyear，fourhorsesandtheiroffspringofoneyear，twentyswineandtheiroffspringofoneyear。6*Accordingtoacommonruletheonlycattleallowedtousethevillagepasturewasthatwhichwasconstantlykeptinthevillage，levantecouchantenlemaner。Inordertoguardagainstthefraudulentpracticeofbringingoverstrangecattleandthusmakingmoneyattheexpenseofthetownship，itwasrequiredsometimesthatthecommonablecattleshouldhavewinteredinthemanor。7*
Theselastrulesseematfirstsightdifficultofexplanation：onedoesnotseeinwhatwaythebringinginofstrangecattlecoulddamagethepeasantryofthevillage，asnobodycoulddrivemorethanacertainnumberofbeaststothecommon，andastheoverburdeningofitdependedentirelyontheexcessofthisnumber，andnotontheoriginofthebeasts。Andsoonehastolooktosomethingelsebesidestheapprehensionthatthecommonwouldgetoverburdened，inordertofindasuitableexplanationoftherule。Anexplanationisreadilysuppliedbythenotionthattheuseofthecommonwascloselyconnectedwiththeholding。Strangecattlehadnothingtodowiththeholding，andweretobekeptofffromthelandofthecommunity。itisasrepresentativesofacommunitywhoseterritoryhasbeeninvadedthattheindividualcommonershavecausetocomplain。Infact，thecommonpasture，aswellasthemeadows，werethoughtofmerelyasaportionoftheholding。Thearrangementsdidnotadmitofthesamecertaintyorratherofthesamekindofdeterminationasthedivisionofthearable，butthemainideawhichregulatedthelatterwasbynomeanscutshortinitsoperation，ifonemaysayso：itwasnotboundupwiththeexactmeasurementofarableacres。Theholdingwasthenecessaryagriculturaloutfitofapeasantfamily，andofthisoutfitthemeansoffeedingthecattlewerequiteasimportantapartasthemeansofraisingcrops。Itisonlyinaccuratelythatwehavebeenspeakingofavirgateof30acres，andofaploughlandof180or160。Thetrueexpressionwouldbetospeakofavirgateof30
acresofarableandthecorrespondingrightstopastureandothercommonuses。Andtherecords，whentheywanttogivesomethinglikeafulldescription，donotomittomentionthe’pertinencia，’thenecessaryadjunctsofthearable。Thetermisratheravagueone，quiteinkeepingwiththerightswhich，thoughtangibleenough，cannotbecuttosocertainapatternasinthecaseofarable。8*Andforthisreasonthelaxerrighthadtoconformtothestricterone，andcametobeconsideredasappendanttoit。
Wehaveconsideredtillnowthedifferentaspectsassumedbycommonofpasture，whenitariseswithinthemanor，andasaconsequenceofthearrangementofitsholdings。Butthisisnottheonlywayinwhichcommonofpasturemayarise。Itmayoriginateinanexpressandspecialgrantbythelordeithertoatenantortoastranger。9*itmayalsoproceedfromcontinuoususefromtimebeyondlegalmemory。10*itmusthavebeendifficultinmanycasestopreventstrangersfromestablishingsuchaclaimbyreasonoflongoccupationinsomepartofawidelystretchingmoororwoodpasture。11*Itwasnotlessdifficultinsuchcasestodrawexactboundariesbetweenadjoiningcommunities，andwefindthatlargetractsofcountryareusedasacommonpasture-groundbytwovillages，andevenbymore。12*Neighboursdeemitoftenadvantageoustoestablishacertainreciprocityinthisrespect。13*Byspecialagreementorbytacitallowancelordsandtenantsintercommononeachother’slands：thispracticeextendsmostlytothewasteonly，butinsomecasesthearableandmeadowareincludedaftertheremovalofthecropandofthehay。Theprocedureofthewrit’quojure’
waspartlydirectedtoregulatetheserightsandtopreventpeoplefromencroachingwantonlyupontheirneighbours。14*Whenlandheldinonefeeoronemanorwasbrokenupforsomereasonintosmallerunits，therightsofpasturewerecommonlykeptupaccordingtotheoldarrangements。15*