THE VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE

第67章

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第67章

THE VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE Charles Darwin

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THE VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE
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  ThesetwospeciesofAmblyrhynchusagree,asIhavealreadystated,intheirgeneralstructure,andinmanyoftheirhabits。Neitherhavethatrapidmovement,socharacteristicofthegeneraLacertaandIguana。Theyarebothherbivorous,althoughthekindofvegetationonwhichtheyfeedissoverydifferent。Mr。Bellhasgiventhenametothegenusfromtheshortnessofthesnout:indeed,theformofthemouthmayalmostbecomparedtothatofthetortoise:oneisledtosupposethatthisisanadaptationtotheirherbivorousappetites。Itisveryinterestingthustofindawell-characterizedgenus,havingitsmarineandterrestrialspecies,belongingtosoconfinedaportionoftheworld。Theaquaticspeciesisbyfarthemostremarkable,becauseitistheonlyexistinglizardwhichlivesonmarinevegetableproductions。AsIatfirstobserved,theseislandsarenotsoremarkableforthenumberofthespeciesofreptiles,asforthatoftheindividuals,whenwerememberthewell-beatenpathsmadebythethousandsofhugetortoises——themanyturtles——thegreatwarrensoftheterrestrialAmblyrhynchus——andthegroupsofthemarinespeciesbaskingonthecoast-rocksofeveryisland——wemustadmitthatthereisnootherquarteroftheworldwherethisOrderreplacestheherbivorousmammaliainsoextraordinaryamanner。ThegeologistonhearingthiswillprobablyreferbackinhismindtotheSecondaryepochs,whenlizards,someherbivorous,somecarnivorous,andofdimensionscomparableonlywithourexistingwhales,swarmedonthelandandinthesea。Itis,therefore,worthyofhisobservation,thatthisarchipelago,insteadofpossessingahumidclimateandrankvegetation,cannotbeconsideredotherwisethanextremelyarid,and,foranequatorialregion,remarkablytemperate。

  Tofinishwiththezoology:thefifteenkindsofsea-fishwhichIprocuredhereareallnewspecies;theybelongtotwelvegenera,allwidelydistributed,withtheexceptionofPrionotus,ofwhichthefourpreviouslyknownspeciesliveontheeasternsideofAmerica。Ofland-shellsIcollectedsixteenkindsandtwomarkedvarieties,ofwhich,withtheexceptionofoneHelixfoundatTahiti,allarepeculiartothisarchipelago:asinglefresh-watershellPaludinaiscommontoTahitiandVanDiemen’sLand。Mr。Cuming,beforeourvoyageprocuredhereninetyspeciesofsea-shells,andthisdoesnotincludeseveralspeciesnotyetspecificallyexamined,ofTrochus,Turbo,Monodonta,andNassa。Hehasbeenkindenoughtogivemethefollowinginterestingresults:Oftheninetyshells,nolessthanforty-sevenareunknownelsewhere——awonderfulfact,consideringhowwidelydistributedsea-shellsgenerallyare。Oftheforty-threeshellsfoundinotherpartsoftheworld,twenty-fiveinhabitthewesterncoastofAmerica,andoftheseeightaredistinguishableasvarieties;theremainingeighteenincludingonevarietywerefoundbyMr。CumingintheLowArchipelago,andsomeofthemalsoatthePhilippines。ThisfactofshellsfromislandsinthecentralpartsofthePacificoccurringhere,deservesnotice,fornotonesinglesea-shellisknowntobecommontotheislandsofthatoceanandtothewestcoastofAmerica。Thespaceofopensearunningnorthandsouthoffthewestcoast,separatestwoquitedistinctconchologicalprovinces;

  butattheGalapagosArchipelagowehaveahalting-place,wheremanynewformshavebeencreated,andwhitherthesetwogreatconchologicalprovinceshaveeachsentupseveralcolonists。TheAmericanprovincehasalsosenthererepresentativespecies;forthereisaGalapageianspeciesofMonoceros,agenusonlyfoundonthewestcoastofAmerica;andthereareGalapageianspeciesofFissurellaandCancellaria,generacommononthewestcoast,butnotfoundasIaminformedbyMr。CuminginthecentralislandsofthePacific。Ontheotherhand,thereareGalapageianspeciesofOnisciaandStylifer,generacommontotheWestIndiesandtotheChineseandIndianseas,butnotfoundeitheronthewestcoastofAmericaorinthecentralPacific。Imayhereadd,thatafterthecomparisonbyMessrs。CumingandHindsofabout2000shellsfromtheeasternandwesterncoastsofAmerica,onlyonesingleshellwasfoundincommon,namely,thePurpurapatula,whichinhabitstheWestIndies,thecoastofPanama,andtheGalapagos。

  Wehave,therefore,inthisquarteroftheworld,threegreatconchologicalsea-provinces,quitedistinct,thoughsurprisinglyneareachother,beingseparatedbylongnorthandsouthspaceseitheroflandorofopensea。

  Itookgreatpainsincollectingtheinsects,butexceptingTierradelFuego,Ineversawinthisrespectsopooracountry。EvenintheupperanddampregionIprocuredveryfew,exceptingsomeminuteDipteraandHymenoptera,mostlyofcommonmundaneforms。Asbeforeremarked,theinsects,foratropicalregion,areofverysmallsizeanddullcolours。OfbeetlesIcollectedtwenty-fivespeciesexcludingaDermestesandCorynetesimported,whereverashiptouches;ofthese,twobelongtotheHarpalidae,twototheHydrophilidae,ninetothreefamiliesoftheHeteromera,andtheremainingtwelvetoasmanydifferentfamilies。ThiscircumstanceofinsectsandImayaddplants,wherefewinnumber,belongingtomanydifferentfamilies,is,Ibelieve,verygeneral。Mr。Waterhouse,whohaspublished[4]anaccountoftheinsectsofthisarchipelago,andtowhomIamindebtedfortheabovedetails,informsmethatthereareseveralnewgenera:andthatofthegeneranotnew,oneortwoareAmerican,andtherestofmundanedistribution。Withtheexceptionofawood-feedingApate,andofoneorprobablytwowater-beetlesfromtheAmericancontinent,allthespeciesappeartobenew。

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