The Varieties of Religious Experience

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第17章

The Varieties of Religious Experience William James

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The Varieties of Religious Experience
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  “Theology。”saysDr。Starbuck,“takestheadolescenttendenciesandbuildsuponthem;itseesthattheessentialthinginadolescentgrowthisbringingthepersonoutofchildhoodintothenewlifeofmaturityandpersonalinsight。Itaccordinglybringsthosemeanstobearwhichwillintensifythenormaltendencies。Itshortensuptheperiodofdurationofstormandstress。”Theconversionphenomenaof“convictionofsin“last,bythisinvestigator’sstatistics,aboutonefifthaslongastheperiodsofadolescentstormandstressphenomenaofwhichhealsogotstatistics,buttheyareverymuchmoreintense。Bodilyaccompaniments,lossofsleepandappetite,forexample,aremuchmorefrequentinthem。“Theessentialdistinctionappearstobethatconversionintensifiesbutshortenstheperiodbybringingthepersontoadefinitecrisis。”[101]

  [101]E。D。Starbuck:ThePsychologyofReligion,pp。224,262。

  TheconversionswhichDr。Starbuckherehasinmindareofcoursemainlythoseofverycommonplacepersons,kepttruetoapre-appointedtypebyinstruction,appeal,andexample。Theparticularformwhichtheyaffectistheresultofsuggestionandimitation。[102]Iftheywentthroughtheirgrowth-crisisinotherfaithsandothercountries,althoughtheessenceofthechangewouldbethesamesinceitisoneinthemainsoinevitable,itsaccidentswouldbedifferent。InCatholiclands,forexample,andinourownEpiscopaliansects,nosuchanxietyandconvictionofsinisusualasinsectsthatencouragerevivals。Thesacramentsbeingmorereliedoninthesemorestrictlyecclesiasticalbodies,theindividual’spersonalacceptanceofsalvationneedslesstobeaccentuatedandledupto。

  [102]NooneunderstandsthisbetterthanJonathanEdwardsunderstooditalready。Conversionnarrativesofthemorecommonplacesortmustalwaysbetakenwiththeallowanceswhichhesuggests:

  “Arulereceivedandestablishedbycommonconsenthasaverygreat,thoughtomanypersonsaninsensibleinfluenceinformingtheirnotionsoftheprocessoftheirownexperience。Iknowverywellhowtheyproceedastothismatter,forIhavehadfrequentopportunitiesofobservingtheirconduct。Veryoftentheirexperienceatfirstappearslikeaconfusedchaos,butthenthosepartsareselectedwhichbearthenearestresemblancetosuchparticularstepsasareinsistedon;andthesearedweltuponintheirthoughts,andspokenoffromtimetotime,tilltheygrowmoreandmoreconspicuousintheirview,andotherpartswhichareneglectedgrowmoreandmoreobscure。Thuswhattheyhaveexperiencedisinsensiblystrained,soastobringittoanexactconformitytotheschemealreadyestablishedintheirminds。Anditbecomesnaturalalsoforministers,whohavetodealwiththosewhoinsistupondistinctnessandclearnessofmethod,todosotoo。”TreatiseonReligiousAffections。

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