An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

第19章

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第19章

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding John Locke

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An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
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  Forthesearetwowayswherebytruthcomesintothemind,whollydistinct,sothatoneisnottheother。WhatIsee,Iknowtobeso,bytheevidenceofthethingitself:whatIbelieve,Itaketobesouponthetestimonyofanother。ButthistestimonyImustknowtobegiven,orelsewhatgroundhaveIofbelieving?ImustseethatitisGodthatrevealsthistome,orelseIseenothing。Thequestionthenhereis:HowdoIknowthatGodistherevealerofthistome;

  thatthisimpressionismadeuponmymindbyhisHolySpirit;andthatthereforeIoughttoobeyit?IfIknownotthis,howgreatsoevertheassuranceisthatIampossessedwith,itisgroundless;whateverlightIpretendto,itisbutenthusiasm。For,whetherthepropositionsupposedtoberevealedbeinitselfevidentlytrue,orvisiblyprobable,or,bythenaturalwaysofknowledge,uncertain,thepropositionthatmustbewellgroundedandmanifestedtobetrue,isthis,ThatGodistherevealerofit,andthatwhatItaketobearevelationiscertainlyputintomymindbyHim,andisnotanillusiondroppedinbysomeotherspirit,orraisedbymyownfancy。

  For,ifImistakenot,thesemenreceiveitfortrue,becausetheypresumeGodrevealedit。Doesitnot,then,standthemupontoexamineuponwhatgroundstheypresumeittobearevelationfromGod?orelsealltheirconfidenceismerepresumption:andthislighttheyaresodazzledwithisnothingbutanignisfatuus,thatleadsthemconstantlyroundinthiscircle;Itisarevelation,becausetheyfirmlybelieveit;andtheybelieveit,becauseitisarevelation。

  11。Enthusiasmfailsofevidence,thatthepropositionisfromGod。Inallthatisofdivinerevelation,thereisneedofnootherproofbutthatitisaninspirationfromGod:forhecanneitherdeceivenorbedeceived。ButhowshallitbeknownthatanypropositioninourmindsisatruthinfusedbyGod;atruththatisrevealedtousbyhim,whichhedeclarestous,andthereforeweoughttobelieve?Hereitisthatenthusiasmfailsoftheevidenceitpretendsto。Formenthuspossessed,boastofalightwherebytheysaytheyareenlightened,andbroughtintotheknowledgeofthisorthattruth。Butiftheyknowittobeatruth,theymustknowittobeso,eitherbyitsownself-evidencetonaturalreason,orbytherationalproofsthatmakeitouttobeso。Iftheyseeandknowittobeatruth,eitherofthesetwoways,theyinvainsupposeittobearevelation。Fortheyknowittobetruethesamewaythatanyothermannaturallymayknowthatitisso,withoutthehelpofrevelation。Forthus,allthetruths,ofwhatkindsoever,thatmenuninspiredareenlightenedwith,cameintotheirminds,andareestablishedthere。Iftheysaytheyknowittobetrue,becauseitisarevelationfromGod,thereasonisgood:butthenitwillbedemandedhowtheyknowittobearevelationfromGod。Iftheysay,bythelightitbringswithit,whichshinesbrightintheirminds,andtheycannotresist:Ibeseechthemtoconsiderwhetherthisbeanymorethanwhatwehavetakennoticeofalready,viz。thatitisarevelation,becausetheystronglybelieveittobetrue。Forallthelighttheyspeakofisbutastrong,thoughungroundedpersuasionoftheirownminds,thatitisatruth。Forrationalgroundsfromproofsthatitisatruth,theymustacknowledgetohavenone;forthenitisnotreceivedasarevelation,butupontheordinarygroundsthatothertruthsarereceived:andiftheybelieveittobetruebecauseitisarevelation,andhavenootherreasonforitsbeingarevelation,butbecausetheyarefullypersuaded,withoutanyotherreason,thatitistrue,thentheybelieveittobearevelationonlybecausetheystronglybelieveittobearevelation;whichisaveryunsafegroundtoproceedon,eitherinourtenetsoractions。Andwhatreadierwaycantherebetorunourselvesintothemostextravaganterrorsandmiscarriages,thanthustosetupfancyforoursupremeandsoleguide,andtobelieveanypropositiontobetrue,anyactiontoberight,onlybecausewebelieveittobeso?Thestrengthofourpersuasionsisnoevidenceatalloftheirownrectitude:crookedthingsmaybeasstiffandinflexibleasstraight:andmenmaybeaspositiveandperemptoryinerrorasintruth。Howcomeelsetheuntractablezealotsindifferentandoppositeparties?Forifthelight,whicheveryonethinkshehasinhismind,whichinthiscaseisnothingbutthestrengthofhisownpersuasion,beanevidencethatitisfromGod,contraryopinionshavethesametitletobeinspirations;andGodwillbenotonlytheFatheroflights,butofoppositeandcontradictorylights,leadingmencontraryways;andcontradictorypropositionswillbedivinetruths,ifanungroundedstrengthofassurancebeanevidencethatanypropositionisaDivineRevelation。

  12。FirmnessofpersuasionnoProofthatanypropositionisfromGod。Thiscannotbeotherwise,whilstfirmnessofpersuasionismadethecauseofbelieving,andconfidenceofbeingintherightismadeanargumentoftruth。St。Paulhimselfbelievedhedidwell,andthathehadacalltoit,whenhepersecutedtheChristians,whomheconfidentlythoughtinthewrong:butyetitwashe,andnotthey,whoweremistaken。Goodmenaremenstillliabletomistakes,andaresometimeswarmlyengagedinerrors,whichtheytakefordivinetruths,shiningintheirmindswiththeclearestlight。

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