History of the Catholic Church

第19章

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第19章

History of the Catholic Church Rev。 James MacCaffrey

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History of the Catholic Church
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  Longbeforethecommissionforsuppressionarrivedthescrambleforashareintheplunderhadbegun。InthiscontesttheDeputy,ArchbishopBrowne,andtheprincipalmembersoftheprivycouncilledtheway。

  JohnAlen,MasteroftheRolls,wasthefirsttoprofitbythespoliationofthereligioushousesbygettingpossessionofthepropertyofSt。Wolstan\'s1536,LordGreysecuredforhimselfthegoodsandpossessionsoftheConventofGrane。TheEarlofOrmondandtheButlerfamilygenerallyenrichedthemselvesoutofthelandsofthemonasteriessituatedinthesouth-easternportionofIreland,asdidalsoahostofhungryofficialsandgentlemenindifferentpartsofIreland,suchastheCowleys,Alens,St。Legers,Lutrells,Plunketts,Dillons,Nugents,Prestons,Berminghams,Townleys,Aylmers,Flemings,Wyses,Eustaces,Brabazons,etc。[41]EvenPatrickBarnewall,whohadresistedsostrenuouslythesuppressionofthemonasteriesin1536,couldnotresistthetemptationofsharingintheplunder。HesecuredforhimselfalargeportionofthelandsandadvowsonsoftheConventofGrace-Dieu。InthiswaytheAnglo-Irishnobleswerebribedintoacquiescencewiththeking\'sreligiouspolicy,andwereenabledtotransmittotheirdescendantsimmenseterritoriesoverwhichtheyweretoruleashereditarylandlordslongaftertheoriginoftheirtitlehadbeenforgotten。Similarly,inordertoputanendtotheoppositionofthecityauthorities,whichhadgoodgroundtocomplainofthesuppressionsofhousesthatweredoingsomuchinthecauseofcharityandeducation,largegrantsweremadetothecorporationsofDublin,Waterford,Limerick,Clonmel,etc。Wealthymerchantswhohadmoneytoinvestwerenotslowincomingforwardtosecureleasesofportionsofthemonasticlandandtherebytolaythefoundationsofanewso-calledaristocracy。Thegoldandsilverornaments,thesacredvessels,thebells,andthechurchplategenerallyweresoldforthebenefitoftheking,buttheofficialswereneverparticularlycarefulaboutmakingtheproperreturns。Fromapartialaccountgivenbythecommissionersin1541itappearedthatfromthesalesofthejewels,reliquaries,pictures,andgoodsofthemonasteriestheyhadreceivedover£2,500Irishofwhichtheyhadgivencloseon£500tothesuperiors,servants,etc。,andretained£375astravellingexpenses。[42]WiththesubmissionoftheEarlofDesmond,O\'BrienofThomond,O\'Donnell,etc。,amoredeterminedcampaignwasinitiatedforthetotaldestructionofthereligioushouses,andparticularlyofthosebelongingtotheMendicants,notmerelyinthePalebutthroughoutIreland。AspecialcommissionwasissuedAug。1541totheEarlofDesmondandothers\"totakeinventoriesof,todissolve,andtoputinsafecustody,allreligioushousesinLimerick,Cork,Kerry,andDesmond。\"InreturnforhisactivitytheEarlofDesmondwasrewardedwithseveralgrantsofmonasticland,andevenO\'Briendidnotthinkitbeneathhimtoshareintheplunder。Insomeplaces,asforinstanceinMonaghan,theFranciscanFriarswereputtodeath。ButintheIrishdistrictsgenerallythedecreeofsuppressionwasnotenforced,andevenintheEnglishportionsofthecountrythesuppressionofthemonasteriesdidnotmeantheextinctionofthemonks。TheFranciscansandDominicansinparticularseemtohavebeenalmostasnumerousattheendofthereignofHenryVIII。astheyhadbeenbeforeheundertookhiscampaignagainstRome。

  ThewholestoryofthesesadyearsissummarisedinastrikingifslightlyexaggeratedfashionbytheFourMasters。\"Aheresyandnewerror,\"theysay,\"sprangupinEnglandthroughpride,vain-glory,avarice,andlist,andthroughmanystrangesciences,sothatthemenofEnglandwentintooppositiontothePopeandtoRome……TheystyledthekingthechiefheadoftheChurchofGodinhisownkingdom。Newlawsandstatuteswereenactedbythekingandcouncilaccordingtotheirownwill。Theydestroyedtheorderstowhomworldlypossessionswereallowed,namely,theMonks,Canons,Nuns,theCrouchedFriars,andthefourMendicantOrders,namelytheFriarsMinor,theFriarsPreachers,theCarmelites,andtheAugustinians,andthelordshipsandlivingsofallthesewereseizedfortheking。Theybrokedownthemonasteriesandsoldtheirroofsandtheirbells,sothatfromAranoftheSaintstotheIccianSeetherewasnotonemonasterythatwasnotbrokenandshattered,withtheexceptionofafewinIreland,ofwhichtheEnglishtooknonoticeorheed。Theyafterwardburnedtheimages,shrines,andrelicsofthesaintsofIrelandandEngland;theylikewiseburnedthecelebratedimageofMaryatTrim,whichusedtoperformwondersandmiracles,tohealtheblind,thedeaf,thecrippled,andpersonsaffectedwithallkindsofdisease;theyburnedtheStaffofJesus,whichwasinDublin,andwhichwroughtmiraclesfromthetimeofSt。Patrick,andhadbeeninthehandsofChristwhileHewasamongmen。Theyalsoappointedarchbishopsandbishopsforthemselves,andthoughgreatwasthepersecutionoftheRomanemperorsagainsttheChurch,scarcelyhadthereevercomesogreatapersecutionfromRomeasthis,sothatitisimpossibletonarrateortellitsdescriptionunlessitshouldbenarratedbyonewhosawit。\"[43]TheAnnalistsmighthaveaddedafactnoticedbyadistinguishedProtestanthistorianthat\"insteadofbestowingtheir[ofthemonasteries]incomesontheameliorationoftheChurch,orexpendingtheminprovidingforthereligiousorsecularimprovementofthepeopleinanyotherway,caringlittleapparentlyfortheimpoverishmentoftheChurch,he[HenryVIII。]

  misappliedthoserevenuesforthepurposesofpromotinghisowngratificationorenrichinghisfavourites。\"[44]

  VeryearlyinhisreignHenryVIII。haddreamtofthecompletesubjugationofIreland,butitwasonlyafterthesuccessfuloverthrowoftheGeraldineRebellion1534-5thattherealisationofthesedreamsseemedtobewithinmeasurablereach。TheboldnessandmilitarygeniusofLordLeonardGreybadefairtobringallIrelandwithinthesphereofEnglishjurisdiction,untilthereligiouscrisisarosetocomplicatetheissues。ManyoftheIrishprincestookoffenceatthedoctrineofroyalsupremacy,theattackonimages,pictures,pilgrimages,relics,etc。,andatthedesperateeffortsthatwerebeingmadetodriveoutentirelythemonksandnuns。Duringtheyears1537and1538rumoursofagreatconfederationreachedtheearsoftheEnglishofficials。ItwasrepresentedthatConO\'Neill,ManusO\'Donnell,O\'BrienofThomond,theDeBurgosofConnaught,andtheEarlofDesmondhadjoinedhandstoprotecttheyoungGarrettFitzgeraldandtodefendtheauthorityofthePope。Messengers,itwassaid,werepassingconstantlyfromIrelandtoScotland,andfromScotlandtoRome。Itwasreportedin1539thattheIrishprincesregardedHenryVIII。asaheretic,whohadforfeitedalltitletotheLordshipofIreland,thattheyweredeterminedtoupholdtheauthorityofthePope,thattheyexpectedhelpfromtheEmperor,fromFrance,andfromScotland,andthatifaninvasionwereattemptednoteventheAnglo-IrishofthePalecouldbereliedupononaccountoftheirattachmenttothePopeandtotheGeraldines。[45]

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