ButtheAtheniansweresoontolearnhowrapidlytheproductassertsitsmasteryovertheproducerwhenonceexchangebetweenindividualshasbegunandproductshavebeentransformedintocommodities。Withthecomingofcommodityproduction，individualsbegantocultivatethesoilontheirownaccount，whichsoonledtoindividualownershipofland。Moneyfollowed，thegeneralcommoditywithwhichallothers101
wereexchangeable。Butwhenmeninventedmoney，theydidnotthinkthattheywereagaincreatinganewsocialpower，theonegeneralpowerbeforewhichthewholeofsocietymustbow。Anditwasthisnewpower，suddenlysprungtolifewithoutknowledgeorwillofitscreators，whichnow，inallthebrutalityofitsyouth，gavetheAtheniansthefirsttasteofitsmight。
Whatwastobedone？Theoldgentileconstitutionhadnotonlyshownitselfpowerlessbeforethetriumphalmarchofmoney。itwasabsolutelyincapableoffindinganyplacewithinitsframeworkforsuchthingsasmoney，creditors，debtors，andforciblecollectionofdebts。Butthenewsocialpowerwasthere。piouswishes，andyearningforthereturnofthegoodolddayswouldnotdrivemoneyandusuryoutoftheworld。
Further，anumberofminorbreacheshadalsobeenmadeinthegentileconstitution。AlloverAttica，andespeciallyinAthensitself，themembersofthedifferentgentesandphratriesbecamestillmoreindiscriminatelymixedwitheverygeneration，althoughevennowanAthenianwasonlyallowedtoselllandoutsidehisgens，notthehouseinwhichhelived。Thedivisionoflaborbetweenthedifferentbranchesofproduction——agriculture，handicraftsinwhichtherewereagaininnumerablesubdivisions，trade，shipping，andsoforth——hadbeencarriedfurtherwitheveryadvanceofindustryandcommerce。thepopulationwasnowdividedaccordingtooccupationintofairlypermanentgroups，eachwithitsnewcommoninterests。andsincethegensandthephratrymadenoprovisionfordealingwiththem，newofficeshadtobecreated。Thenumberofslaveshadincreasedconsiderably，andevenatthattimemusthavefarexceededthenumberoffreeAthenians。thegentileconstitutionoriginallyknewnothingofslaveryandthereforehadnomeansofkeepingthesemassesofbondsmeninorder。Finally，tradehadbroughttoAthensanumberofforeignerswhosettledthereonaccountofthegreaterfacilitiesofmakingmoney。
theyalsocouldclaimnorightsorprotectionundertheoldconstitution。and，thoughtheywerereceivedwithtraditionaltolerance，theyremainedadisturbingandalienbodyamongthepeople。