Thetermduringwhichsuchaleasecanbegranted，aswillbevalidagainsteveryfuturepurchaserorproprietoroftheland，hasbeenprolongedfromninetotwenty—sevenyears。Theancientprovincialrestraintsuponthetransportationofcornfromoneprovinceofthekingdomtoanotherhavebeenentirelytakenaway，andthelibertyofexportingittoallforeigncountrieshasbeenestablishedasthecommonlawofthekingdominallordinarycases。Thissect，intheirworks，whichareverynumerous，andwhichtreatnotonlyofwhatisproperlycalledPoliticalEconomy，orofthenatureandcausesofthewealthofnations，butofeveryotherbranchofthesystemofcivilgovernment，allfollowimplicitlyandwithoutanysensiblevariation，thedoctrineofMr。Quesnai。Thereisuponthisaccountlittlevarietyinthegreaterpartoftheirworks。ThemostdistinctandbestconnectedaccountofthisdoctrineistobefoundinalittlebookwrittenbyMr。MercierdelaRiviere，sometimeintendantofMartinico，entitled，TheNaturalandEssentialOrderofPoliticalSocieties。Theadmirationofthiswholesectfortheirmaster，whowashimselfamanofthegreatestmodestyandsimplicity，isnotinferiortothatofanyoftheancientphilosophersforthefoundersoftheirrespectivesystems。\"Therehavebeen，sincetheworldbegan，\"saysaverydiligentandrespectableauthor，theMarquisdeMirabeau，\"threegreatinventionswhichhaveprincipallygivenstabilitytopoliticalsocieties，independentofmanyotherinventionswhichhaveenrichedandadornedthem。Thefirstistheinventionofwriting，whichalonegiveshumannaturethepoweroftransmitting，withoutalteration，itslaws，itscontracts，itsannals，anditsdiscoveries。Thesecondistheinventionofmoney，whichbindstogetheralltherelationsbetweencivilisedsocieties。ThethirdistheEconomicalTable，theresultoftheothertwo，whichcompletesthembothbyperfectingtheirobject;thegreatdiscoveryofourage，butofwhichourposteritywillreapthebenefit。\"
AsthepoliticaleconomyofthenationsofmodernEuropehasbeenmorefavourabletomanufacturesandforeigntrade，theindustryofthetowns，thantoagriculture，theindustryofthecountry;sothatofothernationshasfollowedadifferentplan，andhasbeenmorefavourabletoagriculturethantomanufacturesandforeigntrade。
ThepolicyofChinafavoursagriculturemorethanallotheremployments。InChinatheconditionofalabourerissaidtobeasmuchsuperiortothatofanartificerasinmostpartsofEuropethatofanartificeristothatofalabourer。InChina，thegreatambitionofeverymanistogetpossessionofsomelittlebitofland，eitherinpropertyorinlease;andleasesaretheresaidtobegranteduponverymoderateterms，andtobesufficientlysecuredtothelessees。TheChinesehavelittlerespectforforeigntrade。Yourbeggarlycommerce！wasthelanguageinwhichtheMandarinsofPekinusedtotalktoMr。deLange，theRussianenvoy，concerningit。ExceptwithJapan，theChinesecarryon，themselves，andintheirownbottoms，littleornoforeigntrade;anditisonlyintooneortwoportsoftheirkingdomthattheyevenadmittheshipsofforeignnations。
Foreigntradethereforeis，inChina，everywayconfinedwithinamuchnarrowercirclethanthattowhichitwouldnaturallyextenditself，ifmorefreedomwasallowedtoit，eitherintheirownships，orinthoseofforeignnations。
Manufactures，asinasmallbulktheyfrequentlycontainagreatvalue，andcanuponthataccountbetransportedatlessexpensefromonecountrytoanotherthanmostpartsofrudeproduce，are，inalmostallcountries，theprincipalsupportofforeigntrade。Incountries，besides，lessextensiveandlessfavourablycircumstancedforinferiorcommercethanChina，theygenerallyrequirethesupportofforeigntrade。Withoutanextensiveforeignmarkettheycouldnotwellflourish，eitherincountriessomoderatelyextensiveastoaffordbutanarrowhomemarketorincountrieswherethecommunicationbetweenoneprovinceandanotherwassodifficultastorenderitimpossibleforthegoodsofanyparticularplacetoenjoythewholeofthathomemarketwhichthecountrycouldafford。Theperfectionofmanufacturingindustry，itmustberemembered，dependsaltogetheruponthedivisionoflabour;andthedegreetowhichthedivisionoflabourcanbeintroducedintoanymanufactureisnecessarilyregulated，ithasalreadybeenshown，bytheextentofthemarket。ButthegreatextentoftheempireofChina，thevastmultitudeofitsinhabitants，thevarietyofclimate，andconsequentlyofproductionsinitsdifferentprovinces，andtheeasycommunicationbymeansofwatercarriagebetweenthegreaterpartofthem，renderthehomemarketofthatcountryofsogreatextentastobealonesufficienttosupportverygreatmanufactures，andtoadmitofveryconsiderablesubdivisionsoflabour。ThehomemarketofChinais，perhaps，inextent，notmuchinferiortothemarketofallthedifferentcountriesofEuropeputtogether。Amoreextensiveforeigntrade，however，whichtothisgreathomemarketaddedtheforeignmarketofalltherestoftheworld—especiallyifanyconsiderablepartofthistradewascarriedoninChineseships—couldscarcefailtoincreaseverymuchthemanufacturesofChina，andtoimproveverymuchtheproductivepowersofitsmanufacturingindustry。Byamoreextensivenavigation，theChinesewouldnaturallylearntheartofusingandconstructingthemselvesallthedifferentmachinesmadeuseofinothercountries，aswellastheotherimprovementsofartandindustrywhicharepractisedinallthedifferentpartsoftheworld。UpontheirpresentplantheyhavelittleopportunityexceptthatoftheJapanese。