Inasmuchas，onthissystem，anygivenamountofexpenditure，onceincurred，wouldprovidenotmerelyasingleemigration，butaperpetuallyflowingstreamofemigrants，whichwouldincreaseinbreadthanddepthasitflowedon;thismodeofrelievingoverpopulationhasarecommendation，notpossessedbyanyotherplaneverproposedformakingheadagainsttheconsequencesofincreasewithoutrestrainingtheincreaseitself:thereisanelementofindefinitenessinit;noonecanperfectlyforeseehowfaritsinfluence，asaventforsurpluspopulation，mightpossiblyreach。Thereishencethestrongestobligationonthegovernmentofacountrylikeourown，withacrowdedpopulation，andunoccupiedcontinentsunderitscommand，tobuild，asitwere，andkeepopen，inconcertwiththecolonialgovernments，abridgefromthemothercountrytothosecontinents，byestablishingtheself—supportingsystemofcolonizationonsuchascale，thatasgreatanamountofemigrationasthecoloniescanatthetimeaccommodate，mayatalltimesbeabletotakeplacewithoutcosttotheemigrantsthemselves。
Theimportanceoftheseconsiderations，asregardstheBritishislands，hasbeenoflateconsiderablydiminishedbytheunparalleledamountofspontaneousemigrationfromIreland;anemigrationnotsolelyofsmallfarmers，butofthepoorestclassofagriculturallabourers，andwhichisatoncevoluntaryandself—supporting，thesuccessionofemigrantsbeingkeptupbyfundscontributedfromtheearningsoftheirrelativesandconnexionswhohadgonebefore。Tothishasbeenaddedalargeamountofvoluntaryemigrationtotheseatsofthegolddiscoveries，whichhaspartlysuppliedthewantsofourmostdistantcolonies，where，bothforlocalandnationalinterests，itwasmostofallrequired。Butthestreamofboththeseemigrationshasalreadyconsiderablyslackened，andthoughthatfromIrelandhassincepartiallyrevived，itisnotcertainthattheaidofgovernmentinasystematicform，andontheself—supportingprinciple，willnotagainbecomenecessarytokeepthecommunicationopenbetweenthehandsneedingworkinEngland，andtheworkwhichneedshandselsewhere。
15。Thesameprinciplewhichpointsoutcolonization，andthereliefoftheindigent，ascasestowhichtheprincipalobjectiontogovernmentinterferencedoesnotapply，extendsalsotoavarietyofcases，inwhichimportantpublicservicesaretobeperformed，whileyetthereisnoindividualspeciallyinterestedinperformingthem，norwouldanyadequateremunerationnaturallyorspontaneouslyattendtheirperformance。Takeforinstanceavoyageofgeographicalorscientificexploration。Theinformationsoughtmaybeofgreatpublicvalue，yetnoindividualwouldderiveanybenefitfromitwhichwouldrepaytheexpenseoffittingouttheexpedition;andthereisnomodeofinterceptingthebenefitonitswaytothosewhoprofitbyit，inordertolevyatollfortheremunerationofitsauthors。Suchvoyagesare，ormightbe，undertakenbyprivatesubscription;butthisisarareandprecariousresource。Instancesaremorefrequentinwhichtheexpensehasbeenbornebypubliccompaniesorphilanthropicassociations;butingeneralsuchenterpriseshavebeenconductedattheexpenseofgovernment，whichisthusenabledtoentrustthemtothepersonsinitsjudgmentbestqualifiedforthetask。Again，itisaproperofficeofgovernmenttobuildandmaintainlighthouses，establishbuoys，&c。forthesecurityofnavigation:forsinceitisimpossiblethattheshipsatseawhicharebenefitedbyalighthouse，shouldbemadetopayatollontheoccasionofitsuse，noonewouldbuildlighthousesfrommotivesofpersonalinterest，unlessindemnifiedandrewardedfromacompulsorylevymadebythestate。Therearemanyscientificresearches，ofgreatvaluetoanationandtomankind，requiringassiduousdevotionoftimeandlabour，andnotunfrequentlygreatexpense，bypersonswhocanobtainahighpricefortheirservicesinotherways。Ifthegovernmenthadnopowertograntindemnityforexpense，andremunerationfortimeandlabourthusemployed，suchresearchescouldonlybeundertakenbytheveryfewpersonswho，withanindependentfortune，unitetechnicalknowledge，laborioushabits，andeithergreatpublicspirit，oranardentdesireofscientificcelebrity。
Connectedwiththissubjectisthequestionofproviding，bymeansofendowmentsorsalaries，forthemaintenanceofwhathasbeencalledalearnedclass。Thecultivationofspeculativeknowledge，thoughoneofthemostusefulofallemployments，isaservicerenderedtoacommunitycollectively，notindividually，andoneconsequentlyforwhichitis，primafacie，reasonablethatthecommunitycollectivelyshouldpay;sinceitgivesnoclaimonanyindividualforapecuniaryremuneration;andunlessaprovisionismadeforsuchservicesfromsomepublicfund，thereisnotonlynoencouragementtothem，butthereisasmuchdiscouragementasisimpliedintheimpossibilityofgainingalivingbysuchpursuits，andthenecessityconsequentlyimposedonmostofthosewhowouldbecapableofthem，toemploythegreatestpartoftheirtimeingainingasubsistence。Theevil，however，isgreaterinappearancethaninreality。Thegreatestthings，ithasbeensaid，havegenerallybeendonebythosewhohadtheleasttimeattheirdisposal;andtheoccupationofsomehourseverydayinaroutineemployment，hasoftenbeenfoundcompatiblewiththemostbrilliantachievementsinliteratureandphilosophy。Yetthereareinvestigationsandexperimentswhichrequirenotonlyalongbutacontinuousdevotionoftimeandattention:therearealsooccupationswhichsoengrossandfatiguethementalfaculties，astobeinconsistentwithanyvigorousemploymentofthemuponothersubjects，eveninanyintervalsofleisure。Itishighlydesirable，therefore，thatthereshouldbeamodeofinsuringtothepublictheservicesofscientificdiscoverers，andperhapsofsomeotherclassesofsavants，byaffordingthemthemeansofsupportconsistentlywithdevotingasufficientportionoftimetotheirpeculiarpursuits。
ThefellowshipsoftheUniversitiesareaninstitutionexcellentlyadaptedforsuchapurpose;butarehardlyeverappliedtoit，beingbestowed，atthebest，asarewardforpastproficiency，incommittingtomemorywhathasbeendonebyothers，andnotasthesalaryoffuturelaboursintheadvancementofknowledge。Insomecountries，Academiesofscience，antiquities，history，&c。，havebeenformed，withemolumentsannexed。Themosteffectualplan，andatthesametimeleastliabletoabuse，seemstobethatofconferringProfessorships，withdutiesofinstructionattachedtothem。Theoccupationofteachingabranchofknowledge，atleastinitshigherdepartments，isahelpratherthananimpedimenttothesystematiccultivationofthesubjectitself。Thedutiesofaprofessorshipalmostalwaysleavemuchtimefororiginalresearches;andthegreatestadvanceswhichhavebeenmadeinthevarioussciences，bothmoralandphysical，haveoriginatedwiththosewhowerepublicteachersofthem;fromPlatoandAristotletothegreatnamesoftheScotch，French，andGermanUniversities。IdonotmentiontheEnglish，becauseuntilverylatelytheirprofessorshipshavebeen，asiswellknown，littlemorethannominal。Inthecase，too，ofalecturerinagreatinstitutionofeducation，thepublicatlargehasthemeansofjudging，ifnotthequalityoftheteaching，atleastthetalentsandindustryoftheteacher;anditismoredifficulttomisemploythepowerofappointmenttosuchanoffice，thantojobinpensionsandsalariestopersonsnotsodirectlybeforethepubliceye。