l’échéancesanslafilerie;elleluioffreuneressource，enoccupantutilementsafemme，sesenfants，sesservants，sesvalets，etlui—même;maisquellepéniblevie，mêmeaidéedecesecours。Enété，iltravaillecommeunforcataulabourageetàlarécolte;ilsecoucheà9heuresetselèveàdeux，poursuffireauxtravaux;enhiverildevraitréparersesforcesparunplusgrandrepos;maisiimanqueradegrainspourlepainetlessemailles，s’ilsedéfaitdesdenréesqu’ilfaudraitvendrepourpayerlesimpôts。Ilautdoncfilerpoursuppléeràcevide……iifautyapporterlaplusgrandeassiduité。
Aussilepaysansecouche—t—iienhiveràminuit，uneheure，etselèveàcinqonsix;onbienilsecoucheàneuf，etselèveàdeux，etcelatonslesjoursdelaviesiccn’estledimanche。Cesexcésdeveilleetdetravailusentlanaturehumaine，etdelàvienqu’hommesetfemmesvieillissentbeaucoupplutôtdanslescampagnesquedanslesvilles。\"（Mirabeau，l。c。，t。III。pp。212sqq。）
Notetothesecondedition。InApril1866，18yearsafterthepublicationoftheworkofRobertSomersquotedabove，ProfessorLeoneLevigavealecturebeforetheSocietyofArtsonthetransformationofsheep—walksintodeer—forest，inwhichhedepictstheadvanceinthedevastationoftheScottishHighlands。Hesays，withotherthings:\"Depopulationandtransformationintosheep—walkswerethemostconvenientmeansforgettinganincomewithoutexpenditure……Adeer—forestinplaceofasheep—walkwasacommonchangeintheHighlands。Thelandownersturnedoutthesheepastheyonceturnedoutthemenfromtheirestates，andwelcomedthenewtenants—thewildbeastsandthefeatheredbirds……OnecanwalkfromtheEarlofDalhousie’sestatesinForfarshiretoJohno’Groats，withouteverleavingforestland……Inmanyofthesewoodsthefox，thewildcat，themarten，thepolecat，theweaselandtheAplineharearecommon;whilsttherabbit，thesquirrelandtherathavelatelymadetheirwayintothecountry。Immensetractsofland，muchofwhichisdescribedinthestatisticalaccountofScotlandashavingapasturageinrichnessandextentofverysuperiordescription，arethusshutoutfromallcultivationandimprovement，andaresolelydevotedtothesportofafewpersonsforaverybriefperiodoftheyear。\"TheLondonEconomistofJune2，1866，says，\"AmongsttheitemsofnewsinaScotchpaperoflastweek，weread……’OneofthefinestsheepfarmsinSutherlandshire，forwhicharentof£1，200
ayearwasrecentlyoffered，ontheexpiryoftheexistingleasethisyear，istobeconvertedintoadeer—forest。’Hereweseethemoderninstinctsoffeudalism……operatingprettymuchastheydidwhentheNormanConqueror……destroyed36villagestocreatetheNewForest……Twomillionsofacres……totallylaidwaste，embracingwithintheirareasomeofthemostfertilelandsofScotland。ThenaturalgrassofGlenTiltwasamongthemostnutritiveinthecountryofPerth。Thedeer—forestofBenAulderwasbyfarthebestgrazinggroundinthewidedistrictofBadenoch;apartoftheBlackMountforestwasthebestpastureforblack—facedsheepinScotland。SomeideaofthegroundlaidwasteforpurelysportingpurposesinScotlandmaybeformedfromthefactthatitembracedanarealargerthanthewholecountryofPerth。TheresourcesoftheforestofBenAuldermightgivesomeideaofthelosssustainedfromtheforceddesolations。
Thegroundwouldpasture15，000sheep，andasitwasnotmorethanone—thirtiethpartoftheoldforestgroundinScotland……itmight，&c……Allthatforestlandisastotallyunproductive……ItmightthusaswellhavebeensubmergedunderthewatersoftheGermanOcean……SuchextemporisedwildernessesordesertsoughttobeputdownbythedecidedinterferenceoftheLegislature。\"