salt，coals，andanumberofothernecessarymeansofsubsistence。[41]Gladstone’snextBudgetspeechofApril7th，1864，isaPindaricdithyrambusontheadvanceofsurplus—value—makingandthehappinessofthepeople\"temperedbypoverty。\"Hespeaksofmasses\"ontheborder\"ofpauperism，ofbranchesoftradeinwhich\"wageshavenotincreased，\"andfinallysumsupthehappinessoftheworking—classinthewords:\"humanlifeisbut，inninecasesoutoften，astruggleforexistence。\"[42]ProfessorFawcett，notboundlikeGladstonebyofficialconsiderations，declaresroundly:\"Idonot，ofcourse，denythatmoneywageshavebeenaugmentedbythisincreaseofcapital（inthelasttenyears），butthisapparentadvantageistoagreatextentlost，becausemanyofthenecessariesoflifearebecomingdearer\"（hebelievesbecauseofthefallinvalueofthepreciousmetals）……\"therichgrowrapidlyricher，whilstthereisnoperceptibleadvanceinthecomfortenjoyedbytheindustrialclasses……They（thelabourers）becomealmosttheslavesofthetradesman，towhomtheyowemoney。\"[43]
Inthechaptersonthe\"working—day\"and\"machinery，\"thereaderhasseenunderwhatcircumstancestheBritishworking—classcreatedan\"intoxicatingaugmentationofwealthandpower\"forthepropertiedclasses。Therewewerechieflyconcernedwiththesocialfunctioningofthelabourer。Butforafullelucidationofthelawofaccumulation，hisconditionoutsidetheworkshopmustalsobelookedat，hisconditionastofoodanddwelling。
Thelimitsofthisbookcompelustoconcernourselveschieflywiththeworstpaidpartoftheindustrialproletariat，andwiththeagriculturallabourers，whotogetherformthemajorityoftheworking—class。
Butfirst，onewordonofficialpauperism，oronthatpartoftheworking—classwhichhasforfeiteditsconditionofexistence（thesaleoflabour—power），andvegetatesuponpublicalms。TheofficiallistofpaupersnumberedinEngland[44]851，369
persons;in1856，877，767;in1865，971，433。Inconsequenceofthecottonfamine，itgrewintheyears1863and1864to1，079，382and1，014，978。