Itbecomesaquestionoflifeanddeathforsocietytoadaptthemodeofproductiontothenormalfunctioningofthislaw。ModernIndustry，indeed，compelssociety，underpenaltyofdeath，toreplacethedetail—workerofto—day，grappledbylife—longrepetitionofoneandthesametrivialoperation，andthusreducedtothemerefragmentofaman，bythefullydevelopedindividual，fitforavarietyoflabours，readytofaceanychangeofproduction，andtowhomthedifferentsocialfunctionsheperforms，arebutsomanymodesofgivingfreescopetohisownnaturalandacquiredpowers。
Onestepalreadyspontaneouslytakentowardseffectingthisrevolutionistheestablishmentoftechnicalandagriculturalschools，andof\"écolesd’enseignementprofessionnel，\"inwhichthechildrenoftheworking—menreceivesomelittleinstructionintechnologyandinthepracticalhandlingofthevariousimplementsoflabour。ThoughtheFactoryAct，thatfirstandmeagreconcessionwrungfromcapital，islimitedtocombiningelementaryeducationwithworkinthefactory，therecanbenodoubtthatwhentheworking—classcomesintopower，asinevitablyitmust，technicalinstruction，boththeoreticalandpractical，willtakeitsproperplaceintheworking—classschools。Thereisalsonodoubtthatsuchrevolutionaryregents，thefinalresultofwhichistheabolitionoftheolddivisionoflabour，arediametricallyopposedtothecapitalisticformofproduction，andtotheeconomicstatusofthelabourercorrespondingtothatform。Butthehistoricaldevelopmentoftheantagonisms，immanentinagivenformofproduction，istheonlywayinwhichthatformofproductioncanbedissolvedandanewformestablished。\"Nesutorultracrepidam\"？thisnecplusultraofhandicraftwisdombecamesheernonsense，fromthemomentthewatchmakerWattinventedthesteam—engine，thebarberArkwright，thethrostle，andtheworking—jeweller，Fulton，thesteamship;[228]
SolongasFactorylegislationisconfinedtoregulatingthelabourinfactories，manufactories，&c。，itisregardedasamereinterferencewiththeexploitingrightsofcapital。Butwhenitcomestoregulatingtheso—called\"home—labour，\"[229]itisimmediatelyviewedasadirectattackonthepatriapotestas，onparentalauthority。Thetender—heartedEnglishParliamentlongaffectedtoshrinkfromtakingthisstep。Theforceoffacts，however，compelleditatlasttoacknowledgethatmodernindustry，inoverturningtheeconomicfoundationonwhichwasbasedthetraditionalfamily，andthefamilylabourcorrespondingtoit，hadalsounloosenedalltraditionalfamilyties。Therightsofthechildrenhadtobeproclaimed。ThefinalreportoftheCh。
Empl。Comm。of1866，states:\"Itisunhappily，toapainfuldegree，apparentthroughoutthewholeoftheevidence，thatagainstnopersonsdothechildrenofbothsexessomuchrequireprotectionasagainsttheirparents。\"Thesystemofunlimitedexploitationofchildren’slabouringeneralandtheso—calledhome—labourinparticularis\"maintainedonlybecausetheparentsareable，withoutcheckorcontrol，toexercisethisarbitraryandmischievouspowerovertheiryoungandtenderoffspring……
Parentsmustnotpossesstheabsolutepowerofmakingtheirchildrenmere’machinestoearnsomuchweeklywage……’Thechildrenandyoungpersons，therefore，inallsuchcasesmayjustifiablyclaimfromthelegislature，asanaturalright，thatanexemptionshouldbesecuredtothem，fromwhatdestroysprematurelytheirphysicalstrength，andlowerstheminthescaleofintellectualandmoralbeings。\"[230]Itwasnot，however，themisuseofparentalauthoritythatcreatedthecapitalisticexploitation，whetherdirectorindirect，ofchildren’slabour;