Anorganisedsystemofmachines，towhichmotioniscommunicatedbythetransmittingmechanismfromacentralautomaton，isthemostdevelopedformofproductionbymachinery。Herewehave，intheplaceoftheisolatedmachine，amechanicalmonsterwhosebodyfillswholefactories，andwhosedemonpower，atfirstveiledundertheslowandmeasuredmotionsofhisgiantlimbs，atlengthbreaksoutintothefastandfuriouswhirlofhiscountlessworkingorgans。
Thereweremulesandsteam—enginesbeforetherewereanylabourers，whoseexclusiveoccupationitwastomakemulesandsteam—engines;justasmenworeclothesbeforethereweresuchpeopleastailors。TheinventionsofVaucanson，Arkwright，Watt，andothers，were，however，practicable，onlybecausethoseinventorsfound，readytohand，aconsiderablenumberofskilledmechanicalworkmen，placedattheirdisposalbythemanufacturingperiod。Someoftheseworkmenwereindependenthandicraftsmanofvarioustrades，othersweregroupedtogetherinmanufactures，inwhich，asbefore—mentioned，divisionoflabourwasstrictlycarriedout。Asinventionsincreasedinnumber，andthedemandforthenewlydiscoveredmachinesgrewlarger，themachine—makingindustrysplitup，moreandmore，intonumerousindependentbranches，anddivisionoflabourinthesemanufactureswasmoreandmoredeveloped。Here，then，weseeinManufacturetheimmediatetechnicalfoundationofModernIndustry。Manufactureproducedthemachinery，bymeansofwhichModernIndustryabolishedthehandicraftandmanufacturingsystemsinthosespheresofproductionthatitfirstseizedupon。Thefactorysystemwasthereforeraised，inthenaturalcourseofthings，onaninadequatefoundation。
Whenthesystemattainedtoacertaindegreeofdevelopment，ithadtorootupthisready—madefoundation，whichinthemeantimehadbeenelaboratedontheoldlines，andtobuildupforitselfabasisthatshouldcorrespondtoitsmethodsofproduction。Justastheindividualmachineretainsadwarfishcharacter，solongasitisworkedbythepowerofmanalone，andjustasnosystemofmachinerycouldbeproperlydevelopedbeforethesteam—enginetooktheplaceoftheearliermotivepowers，animals，wind，andevenwater;so，too，ModernIndustrywascrippledinitscompletedevelopment，solongasitscharacteristicinstrumentofproduction，themachine，oweditsexistencetopersonalstrengthandpersonalskill，anddependedonthemusculardevelopment，thekeennessofsight，andthecunningofhand，withwhichthedetailworkmeninmanufactures，aridthemanuallabourersinhandicrafts，wieldedtheirdwarfishimplements’Thus，apartfromthedearnessofthemachinesmadeinthisway，acircumstancethatiseverpresenttothemindofthecapitalist，theexpansionofindustriescarriedonbymeansofmachinery，andtheinvasionbymachineryoffreshbranchesofproduction，weredependentonthegrowthofaclassofworkmen，who，owingtothealmostartisticnatureoftheiremployment，couldincreasetheirnumbersonlygradually，andnotbyleapsandbounds。Butbesidesthis，atacertainstageofitsdevelopment，ModernIndustrybecametechnologicallyincompatiblewiththebasisfurnishedforitbyhandicraftandManufacture。Theincreasingsizeoftheprimemovers，ofthetransmittingmechanism，andofthemachinesproper，thegreatercomplication，multiformityandregularityofthedetailsofthesemachines，astheymoreandmoredepartedfromthemodelofthoseoriginallymadebymanuallabour，andacquiredaform，untrammelledexceptbytheconditionsunderwhichtheyworked，[18]theperfectingoftheautomaticsystem，andtheuse，everydaymoreunavoidable，ofamorerefractorymaterial，suchasironinsteadofwood—thesolutionofalltheseproblems，whichsprangupbytheforceofcircumstances，everywheremetwithastumbling—blockinthepersonalrestrictions，whicheventhecollectivelabourerofManufacturecouldnotbreakthrough，excepttoalimitedextent。Suchmachinesasthemodernhydraulicpress，themodernpower—loom，andthemoderncardingengine，couldneverhavebeenfurnishedbyManufacture。
Aradicalchangeinthemodeofproductioninonesphereofindustryinvolvesasimilarchangeinotherspheres。Thishappensatfirstinsuchbranchesofindustryasareconnectedtogetherbybeingseparatephasesofaprocess，andyetareisolatedbythesocialdivisionoflabour，insuchaway，thateachofthemproducesanindependentcommodity。Thusspinningbymachinerymadeweavingbymachineryanecessity，andbothtogethermadethemechanicalandchemicalrevolutionthattookplaceinbleaching，printing，anddyeing，imperative。Sotoo，ontheotherhand，therevolutionincotton—spinningcalledforththeinventionofthegin，forseparatingtheseedsfromthecottonfibre;itwasonlybymeansofthisinvention，thattheproductionofcottonbecamepossibleontheenormousscaleatpresentrequired。[19]Butmoreespecially，therevolutioninthemodesofproductionofindustryandagriculturemadenecessaryarevolutioninthegeneralconditionsofthesocialprocessofproduction，i。e。，inthemeansofcommunicationandoftransport。Inasocietywhosepivot，touseanexpressionofFourier，wasagricultureonasmallscale，withitssubsidiarydomesticindustries，andtheurbanhandicrafts，themeansofcommunicationandtransportweresoutterlyinadequatetotheproductiverequirementsofthemanufacturingperiod，withitsextendeddivisionofsociallabour，itsconcentrationoftheinstrumentsoflabour，andoftheworkmen，anditscolonialmarkets，thattheybecameinfactrevolutionised。InthesamewaythemeansofcommunicationandtransporthandeddownfromthemanufacturingperiodsoonbecameunbearabletrammelsonModernIndustry，withitsfeverishhasteofproduction，itsenormousextent，itsconstantflingingofcapitalandlabourfromonesphereofproductionintoanother，anditsnewly—createdconnexionswiththemarketsofthewholeworld。Hence，apartfromtheradicalchangesintroducedintheconstructionofsailingvessels，themeansofcommunicationandtransportbecamegraduallyadaptedtothemodesofproductionofmechanicalindustry，bythecreationofasystemofriversteamers，railways，oceansteamers，andtelegraphs。Butthe’。hugemassesofironthathadnowtobeforged，tobewelded，tobecut，tobebored，andtobeshaped，demanded，ontheirpart，cyclopeanmachines，fortheconstructionofwhichthemethodsofthemanufacturingperiodwereutterlyinadequate。
ModernIndustryhadthereforeitselftotakeinhandthemachine，itscharacteristicinstrumentofproduction，andtoconstructmachinesbymachines。