Capital—1

第21章

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第21章

Capital—1 M and N

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Capital—1
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  TheCommitteeoftheEnglishGovernment,whichGovernment,inIreland,isarmedtotheteeth,andgenerallyknowshowtoshowit,remonstratesinmild,thoughfunereal,toneswiththeimplacablemasterbakersofDublin,Limerick,Cork,&c。:\"TheCommitteebelievethatthehoursoflabourarelimitedbynaturallaws,whichcannotbeviolatedwithimpunity。Thatformasterbakerstoinducetheirworkmen,bythefearoflosingemployment,toviolatetheirreligiousconvictionsandtheirbetterfeelings,todisobeythelawsoftheland,andtodisregardpublicopinion(thisallreferstoSundaylabour),iscalculatedtoprovokeill—feelingbetweenworkmenandmasters,……andaffordsanexampledangeroustoreligion,morality,andsocialorder……TheCommitteebelievethatanyconstantworkbeyond12hoursa—dayencroachesonthedomesticandprivatelifeoftheworking—man,andsoleadstodisastrousmoralresults,interferingwitheachman’shome,andthedischargeofhisfamilydutiesasason,abrother,ahusband,afather。Thatworkbeyond12hourshasatendencytounderminethehealthoftheworkingman,andsoleadstoprematureoldageanddeath,tothegreatinjuryoffamiliesofworking—men,thusdeprivedofthecareandsupportoftheheadofthefamilywhenmostrequired。\"[53]

  Sofar,wehavedealtwithIreland。Ontheothersideofthechannel,inScotland,theagriculturallabourer,theploughman,protestsagainsthis13—14hours’workinthemostinclementclimate,with4hours’additionalworkonSunday(inthislandofSabbatarians!),[54]whilst,atthesametime,threerailwaymenarestandingbeforeaLondoncoroner’sjury?aguard,anengine—driver,asignalman。Atremendousrailwayaccidenthashurriedhundredsofpassengersintoanotherworld。Thenegligenceoftheemployeeisthecauseofthemisfortune。Theydeclarewithonevoicebeforethejurythattenortwelveyearsbefore,theirlabouronlylastedeighthoursa—day;Duringthelastfiveorsixyearsithadbeenscrewedupto14,18,and20hours,andunderaspeciallyseverepressureofholiday—makers,attimesofexcursiontrains,itoftenlastedfor40or50hourswithoutabreak。Theywereordinarymen,notCyclops。

  Atacertainpointtheirlabour—powerfailed。Torporseizedthem。Theirbrainceasedtothink,theireyestosee。Thethoroughly\"respectable\"

  Britishjurymenansweredbyaverdictthatsentthemtothenextassizesonachargeofmanslaughter,and,inagentle\"rider\"totheirverdict,expressedthepioushopethatthecapitalisticmagnatesoftherailwayswould,infuture,bemoreextravagantinthepurchaseofasufficientquantityoflabour—power,andmore\"abstemious\",more\"self—denying,’more\"thrifty,\"

  inthedrainingofpaidlabour—power。[55]

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