theirclamorsprovokedhisfury；apartofOldCairowasdeliveredtotheflamesandtheguardsandcitizenswereengagedmanydaysinabloodyconflict。AtfirstthecaliphdeclaredhimselfazealousMussulman，thefounderorbenefactorofmoschsandcolleges:twelvehundredandninetycopiesoftheKoranweretranscribedathisexpenseinlettersofgold；andhisedictextirpatedthevineyardsoftheUpperEgypt。Buthisvanitywassoonflatteredbythehopeofintroducinganewreligion；heaspiredabovethefameofaprophet，andstyledhimselfthevisibleimageoftheMostHighGod，who，afternineapparitionsonearth，wasatlengthmanifestinhisroyalperson。AtthenameofHakem，thelordofthelivingandthedead，everykneewasbentinreligiousadoration:hismysterieswereperformedonamountainnearCairo:sixteenthousandconvertshadsignedhisprofessionoffaith；andatthepresenthour，afreeandwarlikepeople，theDrusesofMountLibanus，arepersuadedofthelifeanddivinityofamadmanandtyrant。^68Inhisdivinecharacter，HakemhatedtheJewsandChristians，astheservantsofhisrivals；whilesomeremainsofprejudiceorprudencestillpleadedinfavorofthelawofMahomet。BothinEgyptandPalestine，hiscruelandwantonpersecutionmadesomemartyrsandmanyapostles:
thecommonrightsandspecialprivilegesofthesectarieswereequallydisregarded；andageneralinterdictwaslaidonthedevotionofstrangersandnatives。ThetempleoftheChristianworld，thechurchoftheResurrection，wasdemolishedtoitsfoundations；theluminousprodigyofEasterwasinterrupted，andmuchprofanelaborwasexhaustedtodestroythecaveintherockwhichproperlyconstitutestheholysepulchre。Atthereportofthissacrilege，thenationsofEuropewereastonishedandafflicted:butinsteadofarminginthedefenceoftheHolyLand，theycontentedthemselveswithburning，orbanishing，theJews，asthesecretadvisersoftheimpiousBarbarian。^69YetthecalamitiesofJerusalemwereinsomemeasurealleviatedbytheinconstancyorrepentanceofHakemhimself；andtheroyalmandatewassealedfortherestitutionofthechurches，whenthetyrantwasassassinatedbytheemissariesofhissister。Thesucceedingcaliphsresumedthemaximsofreligionandpolicy:afreetolerationwasagaingranted；withthepiousaidoftheemperorofConstantinople，theholysepulchrearosefromitsruins；and，afterashortabstinence，thepilgrimsreturnedwithanincreaseofappetitetothespiritualfeast。^70Inthesea—voyageofPalestine，thedangerswerefrequent，andtheopportunitiesrare:
buttheconversionofHungaryopenedasafecommunicationbetweenGermanyandGreece。ThecharityofSt。Stephen，theapostleofhiskingdom，relievedandconductedhisitinerantbrethren；^71
andfromBelgradetoAntioch，theytraversedfifteenhundredmilesofaChristianempire。AmongtheFranks，thezealofpilgrimageprevailedbeyondtheexampleofformertimes:andtheroadswerecoveredwithmultitudesofeithersex，andofeveryrank，whoprofessedtheircontemptoflife，sosoonastheyshouldhavekissedthetomboftheirRedeemer。Princesandprelatesabandonedthecareoftheirdominions；andthenumbersofthesepiouscaravanswereapreludetothearmieswhichmarchedintheensuingageunderthebannerofthecross。Aboutthirtyyearsbeforethefirstcrusade，thearchbishopofMentz，withthebishopsofUtrecht，Bamberg，andRatisbon，undertookthislaboriousjourneyfromtheRhinetotheJordan；andthemultitudeoftheirfollowersamountedtoseventhousandpersons。
AtConstantinople，theywerehospitablyentertainedbytheemperor；buttheostentationoftheirwealthprovokedtheassaultofthewildArabs:theydrewtheirswordswithscrupulousreluctance，andsustainedsiegeinthevillageofCapernaum，tilltheywererescuedbythevenalprotectionoftheFatimiteemir。